ese 'stimulus' and 'villa' have been borrowed
whole, while _umbella_ is corrupted into 'umbrella'. Disyllables
lengthen the penultima, as 'stable', 'title', 'pupil'. Under French
influence 'disciple' follows their example. In longer words the usual
shortenings are made, as in 'frivolous', 'ridiculous'. The older
words in _-ulo_ change the suffix into _-le_, as 'uncle', 'maniple',
'tabernacle', 'conventicle', 'receptacle', 'panicle'. Later words
retain the _u_, as 'vestibule', 'reticule', 'molecule'.

STEMS IN -NO. The many words of this class are a grief to the
classifier, who seeks in vain for reasons. Thus 'german' and 'germane'
have the same source and travelled, it seems, by the same road through
France. The Latin _hyacinth[)i]nus_ and _adamant[)i]nus_ are parallel
words, yet Milton has 'hyacinthin' for the one and 'adamantine' for
the other. One classification goes a little way. Thus 'human' and
'urban' must have come through French, 'humane' and 'urbane' direct
from Latin. On the other hand while 'meridian' and 'quartan' are
French, 'publican', 'veteran', and 'oppidan' are Latin. Words with
a long _i_, if they came early through France, shorten the vowel,
as 'doctrine', 'discipline', 'medicine', and 'masculine', while
'genuine', though a later word, followed them, but 'anserine' and
'leonine' did not. Disyllables seem to prefer the stress on the
ultima, as 'divine', 'supine', but even these are not consistent. Some
critics would scan Cassio's words

The d['i]vine Desdemona,

though Shakespeare nowhere else has this stress, while Shelley has.
Shelley, too, has

She cannot know how well the s['u]pine slaves
Of blind authority read the truth of things.

The grammatical term, too, is 's['u]pine'. Later introductions also
have this stress, as 'b['o]vine', 'c['a]nine', '['e]quine'. The
last word is not always understood. At any rate Halliwell-Phillips,
referring to a well-known story of Shakespeare's youth, says that the
poet probably attended the theatre 'in some equine capacity'. As it
is agreed that 'bovine' and 'equine' lengthen the former vowel, we
ought by analogy to say 'c[=a]nine', as probably most people do.
Words of more than two syllables have the stress on the antepenultima
and the vowel is short, as in 'libertine', 'adulterine', but of
course '[=u]terine'. When heavy consonants bring the stress on to
the penultima, the _i_ is shortened, as in 'clandest[)i]n(e)',
'intest[)i]n(e)', and so in like