the studding to the sill in balloon framing.

_No. 10. A draw-bolt joint_, Fig. 264, is made by inserting an iron
bolt thru a hole in one member and into the other to meet a nut
inserted from the side of the second member. It is very strong and is
used in bench construction, wooden machinery, etc.

_No. 11. A plain butt-joint_, Fig. 264, is one in which the members
join endwise or edgewise without overlapping. It is used on returns as
in ordinary boxes and cases.

_No. 12. A glued and blocked joint_, Fig. 264, is made by gluing and
rubbing a block in the inside corner of two pieces which are butted
and glued together. It is used in stair-work and cabinet-work, as in
the corners of bureaus.

_No. 13. A hopper-joint_, Fig. 264, is a butt-joint, but is peculiar
in that the edges of the boards are not square with their faces
on account of the pitch of the sides. It is used in hoppers, bins,
chutes, etc. The difficulty in laying out this joint is to obtain the
proper angle for the edges of the pieces. This may be done as follows:
After the pieces are planed to the correct thickness, plane the upper
and lower edges of the end pieces to the correct bevel as shown by the
pitch of the sides. Lay out the pitch of the sides of the hopper on
the outside of the end pieces. From the ends of these lines, on the
upper and lower beveled edges score lines at right angles with the
knife and try-square. Connect these lines on what will be the inside
of the hopper. Saw off the surplus wood and plane to the lines thus
scored. The side pieces may be finished in the same way, and the parts
are then ready to be assembled.

HALVING-JOINTS

A halved joint is one in which half the thickness of each member is
notched out and the remaining portion of one just fits into the notch
in the other, so that the upper and under surfaces of the members are
flush.

_No. 14. A cross-lap joint_, Fig. 264, is a halved joint in which both
members project both ways from the joint. This is a very common joint
used in both carpentry and joinery, as where stringers cross each
other in the same plane.

The two pieces are first dressed exactly to the required size, either
separately or by the method of making duplicate parts, see Chap. IX,
p. 204. Lay one member, called X, across the other in the position
which they are to occupy when finished and mark plainly their upper
faces, which will be flush when the piece is finished. Locate the
middle of the leng