n, with ferric nitrate gives black. A
decoction of fustic extract treated with dilute nitric acid gives
brown, etc.[13]

[Footnote 13: For other effects obtained by chemical changes,
see table on pp. 185-189 in _Brannt's Painter, Gilder and
Varnisher_, and also _Woodcraft_ 9: 71, June, '08.]

_Commercial Stains._ Some of the more noteworthy commercial stains,
suitable for school use, are those of:

The Bridgeport Wood Finishing Company, 55 Fulton St., New York. Among
their water stains some of the best are: Flemish oak, weathered oak,
walnut, silver gray, forest green, and mahogany, especially if the
latter is modified with bichromate of potash. Other effects may be
obtained by mixing these, as forest green, which is too bright alone,
mixed with walnut or some other reddish color gives a grayish green.
Of the penetrating oil stains the golden oak and mahogany are very
good.

The Sherwin Williams Company, of Cleveland, Newark, Chicago, etc.,
produce a fine line of spirit stains.

The Adams and Elting Company, Chicago, have a stain called adelite,
in which banana oil appears to be the solvent. It is very easy of
application, only one coat being needed. It is applied with the brush.

Berry Brothers, of Detroit, Mich., the famous varnish makers, furnish
a great variety of colors in their water stains and also a combined
stain and finish under the trade name of Lacklustre.

Devoe and Reynolds, 101 Fulton Street, New York, make a variety of oil
stains which can be applied either in one coat with a brush or rubbed
in with cotton waste.

The Chicago Varnish Company, make a specialty of artistic, chemical
stains, but unfortunately they are not yet (1910) available in small
quantities.

S. C. Johnson and Son, Racine, Wis., furnish a variety of spirit
stains called "wood dyes."

The Craftsman Workshops, Eastwood, N. Y., furnish oil stains to be
applied with a brush or waste. These are deservedly famous for they
give especially soft, agreeable effects on fumed oak.

In general, it should be remembered that oil stains are better for
soft woods, water stains for hard woods, and the spirit stains are
good for both. But without a sense of color, no number of recipes will
avail.

FILLING

The object of filling is to give a perfectly level and non-absorbent
basis for varnish covering or other finish. This can be done with
shellac carefully rubbed down with fine oiled sandpaper, but this
method requires mu