The superfluous leather may then
be trimmed off, and the seat should fit in its place. Or the seat
frame may be omitted, and the coverings tacked directly to the chair
rails.

The balloon-frame house is a typical form of framed construction, Fig.
300. The essential parts of a balloon-frame are:

1. SILL, 4"x8", which rests on the foundation.
2. BEAMS, 4"x8", which rest on the cellar posts, 6"x6".
(Not shown in illustration.)
3. FLOOR JOISTS, 2"x8", which rest on the sill and beams.
4. CORNER POSTS, 4"x6", with 2"x4" studs nailed to them.
5. STUDDING, 2"x4", which stand 16" between centers.
6. WALL RIBBON, or girt, 1"x8", which supports the upper story joists.
7. PLATES, two 2"x4" nailed together, resting on studs.
8. RAFTERS, 2"x6", which support the roof.
9. TIE-BEAMS, 2"x6", which prevent the roof from spreading the walls.
(Not shown in illustration.)
10. RIDGE-POLE, 2"x8", against which the rafters butt.
11. BRIDGING, 2"x2", which stiffens the floor joists.
12. SHEATHING, (1" thick), put on diagonally to brace the building.
The rest is covering.
13. FLOORING, (See also Fig. 301.)

[Illustration: Fig. 300. House Construction.]

In flooring, Fig. 301, the boards are made narrow so as to reduce the
size of openings at the joints when they shrink, and also to reduce
the tendency to warp. They may be laid side by side as in the cheapest
floors, or matched to close the joint. For difference between
slash- and comb-grain flooring, see Fig. 55, p. 43.

[Illustration: Fig. 301. Siding, Ceiling, Flooring.]

14. BUILDING PAPER.

15. SIDING OR CLAPBOARDS, (See Fig. 301.) may either overlap without a
joint or be rabbeted to fit. The best siding is rabbeted.

16. WATER-TABLE.

17. CORNER-BOARD.

18. FURRING.

19. SHINGLES.

20. LATHING.

21. CEILING, Fig. 301, consists of matched boards having a "bead"
to disguise the joint and give a decorative effect.

TYPES OF WOODEN STRUCTURES

REFERENCES:[*]

Simple Joined Structures.
Benson, pp. 32-37.
Goss, pp. 91-96.
Noyes, _School Arts Book_, 6: 89, 179.
Wheeler, pp. 86, 219-227, 376.
Sickels, p. 120.
Griffith, pp. 84-104.

Panel and Cabinet Construction.
Goss, pp. 117-118, 148-151.
Compton, pp. 146-151.
Sickels, p. 134.
Wheeler, pp. 366-372.

Framed Structures.
Crawshaw.
Wheeler, pp. 203-206, 238-297.
Sickels, p. 124.
_Building Trades Po