England. These caverns and fissures are situated in what
is known as Cresswell Crags, the precipitous sides of a ravine through
which flows a stream of water dividing the counties of Derby and
Nottingham.

This cut represents the different strata in Robin Hood cave. It will be
seen that, at one place, the stalactite has united with the stalagmite
below. It is not necessary to go into the details of this exploration.
All the relics of man found in _d, c,_ and the lower portions of _b,_
are the rude and massive forms peculiar to the River Drift tribes. But
the relics found in the breccia _a,_ and the upper portion of the cave
earth _b,_ denote a sudden advance in culture. The rude tools of the
lower strata are replaced by more highly finished ones of flint.

Illustration of Robin Hood Cave.-----------

The most important discovery was that of a small fragment of rib, with
its polished surface ornamented with the incised figure of a horse.
The peculiar value of this discovery is, that it serves to connect
the Cave-men of England with those of the continent who, as we shall
afterward see, excelled in artistic work of this kind.

In another cave of this series, in association with similar flints, were
found the following bone implements. We can only conjecture the use of
the notched bone. The pieces of reindeer horn, terminating in a scoop,
may have served as a spoon to extract marrow.

Illustration of Horse Incised on Piece of Rib.------

We must not fail to notice that the more highly finished relics of the
Cave-men are found in strata overlying those of the River Drift; and, in
the case of Kent's Cavern, these two sets of implements are separated by
a layer of stalagmite requiring a very prolonged time for its formation.
This would imply that the Cave-men came into England long after the
tribes of the River Drift; and, judging from the relics themselves,
they must have been a distinct people. We must recall how completely the
climate and animals in England varied during the Glacial Age. We have
also seen how closely connected the River Drift tribes were with the
animals of the warm temperate regions. Coming at a later date, totally
distinct from them in culture are those Cave-men--perhaps they may prove
to be associated with the Arctic animals. But, before speculating on
this point, we must learn the results attending the exploration of
the caves of Belgium, France, and other countries on the continent of