ents of the Drift
tribes, we have more delicate forms chipped all around. And we also
meet with those that from their form may have been used as the heads of
spears or arrows. Flakes were also utilized for various pur
implements, weapons, and ornaments of bone--a step in advance of Drift
culture. They had "harpoons for spearing fish, eyed needles or bodkins
for stitching skins together, awls perhaps to facilitate the passage of
the slender needle through the tough, thick hides; pins for fastening
the skins they wore, and perforated badgers' teeth for necklaces or
bracelets."<6> Nothing of this kind has yet been shown as belonging to
the men of the Drift.

Illustrations of Spear-head and Flake-----------

The bones of a large number of animals are also found in the cave earth.
The most abundant is the hyena, and no doubt they dragged in a great
many others; but the agency of man is equally apparent, as the bones
have often been split for the extraction of marrow. Besides bones of the
hyena, we have also those of the lion, tiger, bear, and reindeer.<7>

Illustration of Harpoons, Pin, Awl, and Needle--Kent's Cavern.

With these animals man, from time to time, disputed possession of the
cave. At one place on the surface of the cave earth is found what
is known as the "black band." This is nothing more or less than the
fire-place of these old tribes. Here we find fragments of partially
consumed wood, bones showing the action of fire--in short, every thing
indicating a prolonged occupancy by man.

No one can doubt but that this deposit of cave earth itself requires
a prolonged time for its accumulation.<8> But this period, however
prolonged, at length comes to an end. From some cause, both animals and
man again abandoned the cave. Another vast cycle of years rolls away--a
time expressed in thousands of years--during which nature again spread
over the entombed remains a layer of stalagmite, in some places equal in
thickness to the first formation. Above this layer we come to a bed of
mold containing remains of the later Stone Age, of the Bronze, and even
of the Iron Age. Below the first layer of stalagmite--the completed
biography of Paleolithic times; above, the unfinished book of the
present. Such are the eloquent results obtained by the thorough
exploration of one cave. The results of all the other explorations, in
a general way, confirm these. Mr. Dawkins explored a group of caverns in
Derbyshire,