and in such northern countries as Greenland
and Spitzbergen.<14> Dr. Fraas also proved their presence in several
caves in Suabia. One known as the Hohlefels Cave was very rich in these
relics. They have been found in Switzerland, as at Thayengen; but are
not found south of the Alps or the Pyrenees. Men, indeed, inhabited
caves in Italy, but they did not use the implements characteristic of
the Cave-men.<15> Mr. Dawkins points out that this range corresponds
very nearly to that of the northern group of animals, thus differing
widely from the men of the River Drift. In this connection we must
notice that the reindeer is the animal whose remains are most commonly
met with in the _debris_ they have left in the caves. This animal surely
testifies to a cold climate. We are thus justified in concluding that
the Cave-men are associated with the Arctic group of animals.<16>

We must now turn our attention to the culture of the Cave-men. We must
reflect that long ages, with great changes of climate and life, both
animal and vegetable, have rolled away since the remains of these early
races were sealed by the stalagmite formation in caves. The relics at
their best are but scanty memorials of a people long since passed, and
we can not expect, can not hope, to recover more than a general
outline. But this will be found full of interest, for it is a picture
of Paleolithic life and times existing in Europe long ages before the
pyramids of Egypt were uplifted.

With respect to habitations, we have already seen that he took up his
abode in caves, at least where they were suitable. According to their
depth and the light penetrating them, he either occupied the whole
extent of them, or established himself in the outlet only. About the
center of the cave some slabs of stone, selected from the hardest rock
such as sandstone or slate, were bedded down in the ground, and formed
the hearth for cooking his food. But in no country are such resorts
sufficiently numerous to shelter a large population; besides, they, are
generally at some distance from the fertile plains, where game would
be most abundant. In such cases they doubtless constructed rude huts of
boughs, skins, or other materials. Such an out-door settlement was the
station at Solutre, France, where has been found an immense number of
bones of horses, reindeers, also, though in less abundance, those of
elephants, aurochs, and great lions.<17>

Where no cave presented itself, these pe