e only by reversing the motives of the nation, either by making
war no longer profitable, or by making the nation harmless. Within the
nation the same problem exists with regard to classes. Either the
bellicose class must be satisfied in some other way, must have its
energies directed to some other task, or it must be made impotent.

The first problem, that of destroying the economic root of war, can be
solved only by securing a community of interest among great nations, an
economic internationalism. Not, of course, a complete community; there
is perhaps no such thing in the world. The inter-class relations
within a nation illustrate this point. These social classes,
wage-earners and capitalists, industrialists and agriculturalists, are
separated by many differences and have no complete community of
interest, yet are sufficiently united to prevent a complete dissolution
of the state. So, internationally, a community of interest may be
partial and tentative if it suffices to give the countries enough, or
the promise of enough, to discourage them from easily resorting to the
costly and dangerous expedient of war.

In securing this concert, we must work upon the general principle that
wherever possible, a joint use of a given resource by various nations
is better than an exclusive use by any one nation. The progress of
society within the last few centuries has been toward an extension of
this principle of joint use. More and more things are held by society
for the benefit of the nation. {263} Similarly an increasing number of
the things for which nations compete might be held by the nations of
the world for the joint use of humanity. While such a joint use is not
always possible, especially when it runs counter to long usage, an
immense opportunity for such joint use remains.

This principle of joint use might advantageously be applied to the
development of backward countries. Nothing has been more difficult
than the distribution among industrial nations of the advantages
accruing from colonial exploitation. There are three methods by which
nations, if they can agree at all, may seek to adjust their rival
claims. The first is to do nothing nationally; to permit the backward
countries to be exploited at will by individual competitors. The
second is to divide the new territories among the rival powers. The
third is to secure a joint development by all the great powers.

The first method usually means both a