of the affected heels to damp,
mud, and snow, and, above all, to melting snow, should be guarded
against; light, smooth, well-fitting harness must be obtained, and where
the saddle or collar irritates an incision should be made in them above
and below the part that chafes, and, the padding between having been
removed, the lining should be beaten so as to make a hollow. A zinc
shield in the upper angle of the collar will often prevent chafing in
front of the withers.

_Treatment._--Wash the chafed skin and apply salt water (one-half ounce
to the quart), extract of witch-hazel, a weak solution of oak bark, or
camphorated spirit. If the surface is raw use bland powders, such as
oxid of zinc, lycopodium, starch, or smear the surface with vaseline, or
with 1 ounce of vaseline intimately mixed with one-half dram each of
opium and sugar of lead. In cases of chafing rest must be strictly
enjoined. If there is constitutional disorder or acrid sweat, 1 ounce
cream of tartar or a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda may be given twice
daily.

CONGESTION, WITH SMALL PIMPLES, OR PAPULES.

In this affection there is the general blush, heat, etc., of erythema,
together with a crop of elevations from the size of a poppy seed to a
coffee bean, visible when the hair is reversed or to be felt with the
finger where the hair is scanty. In white skins they vary from the
palest to the darkest red. All do not retain the papular type, but some
go on to form blisters (eczema, bullae) or pustules, or dry up into
scales, or break out into open sores, or extend into larger swellings
(tubercles). The majority, however, remaining as pimples, characterize
the disease. When very itchy the rubbing breaks them open, and the
resulting sores and scales hide the true nature of the eruption.

The general and local causes may be the same as for erythema, and in the
same subject one portion of the skin may have simple congestion and
another adjacent papules. As the inflammatory action is more pronounced,
so the irritation and itching are usually greater, the animal rubbing
and biting himself severely. This itching is especially severe in the
forms which attack the roots of the mane and tail, and there the disease
is often so persistent and troublesome that the horse is rendered
virtually useless.

The bites of insects often produce a papular eruption, but in many such
cases the swelling extends wider into a buttonlike elevation, one-half
to an inch in diame