arts of unconverted cellulose. It
was rolled into a cylinder. Another was Punshon's gun-cotton powder, which
consisted of gun-cotton soaked in a solution of sugar, and then mixed with
a nitrate, such as sodium or potassium nitrate. Barium nitrate was
afterwards used, and the material was granulated, and consisted of
nitrated gun-cotton.

The explosive known as tonite, made at Faversham, was at first intended
for use as a gunpowder, but is now only used for blasting.

~The Schultze Powder.~--One of the earliest of the successful powders
introduced into this country was Schultze's powder, the invention of
Colonel Schultze, of the Prussian Artillery, and is now manufactured by
the Schultze Gunpowder Company Limited, of London. The composition of this
powder, as given in the "Dictionary of Explosives" by the late Colonel
Cundall, is as follows:--

Soluble nitro-lignine 14.83 per cent.
Insoluble " 23.36 "
Lignine (unconverted) 13.14 "
Nitrates of K and Ba 32.35 "
Paraffin 3.65 "
Matters soluble in alcohol 0.11 "
Moisture 2.56 "

This powder was the first to solve the difficulty of making a smokeless,
or nearly smokeless powder which could be used with safety and success in
small arms. Previously, gun-cotton had been tried in various forms, and in
nearly every instance disaster to the weapon had followed, owing to the
difficulty of taming the combustion to a safe degree. But about 1866
Colonel Schultze produced, as the result of experiments, a nitrated wood
fibre which gave great promise of being more pliable and more easily
regulated in its burning than gun-cotton, and this was at once introduced
into England, and the Schultze Gunpowder Company Limited was formed to
commence its manufacture, which it did in the year 1868. During the years
from its first appearance, Schultze gunpowder has passed through various
modifications. It was first made in a small cubical grain formed by
cutting the actual fibre of timber transversely, and then breaking this
veneer into cubes. Later on improvements were introduced, and the wood
fibre so produced was crushed to a fine degree, and then reformed into
small irregular grains. Again, an advance was made in the form of the wood
fibre used, the fibre being broken down by the action of chemicals under
high temperature, and so producing an extremely pure form of woody fibre.
The next improvement