e charge
of explosive used was 10 lbs. in each shell.

~Comparative Tests of Black and Nitro Powders, from "American Field."~--
The results given in table below were obtained at the German Shooting
Association's grounds at Coepenick, Berlin. Penetration was calculated by
placing frames, each holding five cards of 1 millimetre in thickness
(equals .03937 inch), and 3 inches apart, in a bee-line, at distances of
20 inches. Velocity, pattern, and penetration were taken at 40 yards from
the muzzle of a 12-gauge choke-bore double-barrel gun. Gas pressure was
taken by a special apparatus. All shells were loaded with 1-1/8 oz. of No.
3 shot, equal to 120 pellets, and the number given below represents the
average number in the 30-inch pattern. The number of sheets passed through
gives the average penetration. One atmosphere equals pressure equal to 1
kilogramme (2.2 lbs.) on the square centimetre, hence 1,000 atmospheres
equal 2,200 lbs. on the square centimetre. The E.C., Schultze, and
Walsrode powders were loaded in Elcy's special shells, 2-1/2 inches long.
The averages were taken from a large number of shots, and the same series
of shots fired under precisely the same conditions.

_______________________________________________________________________
| | | | | |
| | Gas | | | |
| | Pressure. | Velocity. | Pattern. | Penetration. |
|__________________|____________|___________|____________|______________|
| | | | | |
| |Atmospheres.| Metres. | | Sheets. |
| | | | | |
|Fine-grained black| | | | |
|powder, standard | | | | |
|charge | 514.2 | 280 | 78.6 = 66% | 19.O |
| | | | | |
|Coarse-grained | | | | |
|black powder, | | | | |
|standard charge | 473.4 | 281.4 | 78.2 = 65% | 19.4 |
| | | | | |
|Schultze powder, | | | | |
|42 grains