nal excitement, and
the earliest differentiations would, we may well believe, be determined
along lines of emotional expression. Thus would originate mating cries,
male and female after their kind; and parental cries more or less
differentiated into those of mother and offspring, the deeper note of
the ewe differing little save in pitch and timbre from the bleating of
her lamb, while the cluck of the hen differs widely from the peeping
note of the chick in down. Thus, too, would arise the notes of anger and
combat, of fear and distress, of alarm and warning. If we call these the
instinctive language of emotional expression, we must remember that such
"language" differs markedly from the "language" of which the sentence is
the recognized unit.

It is, however, not improbable that, through association in the
conscious situation, sounds, having their origin in emotional expression
and evoking in others like emotional states, may acquire a new value in
suggesting, for example, the presence of particular enemies. An example
will best serve to indicate my meaning. The following is from H. B.
Medlicott:

In the early dawn of a grey morning I was geologizing along the
base of the Muhair Hills in South Behar, when all of a sudden
there was a stampede of many pigs from the fringe of the
jungle, with porcine shrieks of _sauve qui peut_ significance.
After a short run in the open they took to the jungle again,
and in a few minutes there was another uproar, but different in
sound and in action; there was a rush, presumably of the
fighting members, to the spot where the row began, and after
some seconds a large leopard sprang from the midst of the
scuffle. In a few bounds he was in the open, and stood looking
back, licking his chops. The pigs did not break cover, but
continued on their way. They were returning to their lair after
a night's feeding on the plain, several families having
combined for mutual protection; while the beasts of prey were
evidently waiting for the occasion. I was alone, and, though
armed, I did not care to beat up the ground to see if in either
case a kill had been effected. The numerous herd covered a
considerable space, and the scrub was thick. The prompt
concerted action must in each case have been started by the
special cry. I imagine that the first assailant was a tiger,
and the case was at once kno