r any reason to doubt that all persons, born or naturalized
in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they
reside, for that is the express declaration of the amendment.

The clause of the XIV. Amendment, "No State shall make or enforce
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States," does not, in the opinion of the
Committee, refer to privileges and immunities of citizens of the
United States other than those privileges and immunities embraced
in the original text of the Constitution, article IV., section 2.
The XIV. Amendment, it is believed, did not add to the privileges
or immunities before mentioned, but was deemed necessary for
their enforcement, as an express limitation upon the powers of
the States. It has been judicially determined that the first
eight articles of amendment of the Constitution were not
limitations on the power of the States, and it was apprehended
that the same might be held of the provision of section 2,
article iv.

To remedy this defect of the Constitution, the express
limitations upon the States contained in the first section of the
XIV. Amendment, together with the grant of power in Congress to
enforce them by legislation, were incorporated in the
Constitution. The words "citizens of the United States," and
"citizens of the States," as employed in the XIV. Amendment, did
not change or modify the relations of citizens of the State and
Nation as they existed under the original Constitution.

Attorney-General Bates gave the opinion that the Constitution
uses the the word "citizen," only to express the political
quality of the individual in his relation to the Nation; to
declare that he is a member of the body politic, and bound to it
by the reciprocal obligation of allegiance on the one side and
protection on the other. The phrase "a citizen of the United
States," without addition or qualification, means neither more
nor less than a member of the Nation. (Opinion of
Attorney-General Bates on citizenship.)

The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that, according
to the express words and clear meaning of the section 2, article
iv. of the Constitution, no privileges are secured by