s, one of
which is personal liberty.

That they could not vote, hold office, etc., was held evidence
that they were not regarded as citizens.

In the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Scott
_vs._ Sanford (19 Howard, p. 476), Mr. Justice Daniel, in
delivering his opinion, used the following language as to the
rights and qualities of citizenship:

For who it may be asked is a citizen? What do the character
and status of citizens import? Without fear of
contradiction, it does not import the condition of being
private property, the subject of individual power and
ownership. Upon a principle of etymology alone, the term
citizen, as derived from _civitas_, conveys the idea of
connection or identification with the State or government,
and a participation in its functions. But beyond this there
is not, it is believed, to be found, in the theories of
writers on government, or in any actual experiment
heretofore tried, an exposition of the term citizen which
has not been understood as conferring the actual possession
and enjoyment, or the perfect right of acquisition and
enjoyment, of an entire equality of privileges, civil and
political.

And in the same case Chief Justice Taney said: "The words 'people
of the United States' and 'citizens' are synonymous terms, and
mean the same thing; they both describe the political body, who,
according to our republican institutions, form the sovereignty,
and who hold the power and conduct the Government through their
representatives. They are what we familiarly call the sovereign
people, and every citizen is one of this people, and a
constituent member of this sovereignty." (19 Howard, 404).

In an important case in the Supreme Court of the United States,
Chief Justice Jay, in delivering the opinion of the Court, said:
"At the Revolution the sovereignty devolved on the people, and
they are truly the sovereigns of the country, but they are
sovereigns without subjects (unless the African slaves may be so
called), and have none to govern but themselves. The citizens of
America are equal as fellow-citizens, and joint tenants of the
sovereignty." (Chishol _vs._ Georgia, 2 Dallas, 470).

In Conner _vs._