ly the outer pair are
altogether absent. In most of the flowers of this variety the petals are
smaller and less perfectly developed than usual.[341]

[Illustration: FIG. 163.--_Cheiranthus Cheiri_, var. _gynantherus_. _a._
Sepals and petals removed to show carpellodic stamens. _b._ The same
laid open. _c._ Transverse section. _d._ Plan of flower with four
carpel-like stamens, &c.]

In _Lilium tigrinum_, some specimens of which were gathered by Mr. J.
Salter, in addition to various degrees of synanthy and other changes,
some of the stamens were developed in the form of carpels, adherent by
their edges so as to form an imperfect tube or sheath around the normal
pistil. Fig. 164 shows one of the intermediate organs from these
flowers, in which half the structure seems devoted to the formation of
ovules, while the other half bears a one-celled anther. Lindley[342] has
also described a case of this kind in a species of _Amaryllis_.

[Illustration: FIG. 164.--Structure half anther, half carpel, _Lilium_.]

In _Saxifraga crassifolia_ it sometimes happens that mixed with the
stamens, and originating with them, are a number of distinct and
perfectly formed carpels, wholly separated from the normal carpels, in
the centre of the flower. In this particular instance there is usually
no intermediate condition between the stamen and the pistil.
Guillemin[343] also describes a transformation of the stamens into
carpels in _Euphorbia esula_.

When the anther is involved it may be only partially so, or almost the
whole organ may be transformed. As instances of very partial change may
be cited the passage of the connective into a stigma in _Thalictrum
minus_, or the passage of the points of the anthers into imperfect
styles in some species of bamboo.[344]

In _Rosa arvensis_ similar transformations have been observed of a
slightly more complex character than those just mentioned, and passing
into more important changes, especially to the formation of pollen
within ovules, formed on the edges of an open carpellodic anther (see p.
186).

Mr. Berkeley has recorded an analogous case in a gourd in which the
stamens bore numerous ovules (p. 200), and Baillon describes another
gourd in which certain fleshy appendages surrounding the androecium
were provided with ovules.[345]

Payer, in his 'Organogenie,' p. 38, mentions a stamen of _Dionaea_
bearing not only an anther, but likewise an ovule.

_Sempervivum tectorum_ and _S. montanum_,