ng the form and characteristic of the
stamens see _ante_: p. 192. Signor Licopoli met with a similar
substitution of anthers for bracts in _Melianthus major_.[315]

=Staminody of the sepals and petals.=--In the first named this is of
very rare occurrence. M. Gris has recorded an instance in _Philadelphus
speciosus_[316] which appears to be the only case on record. The
corresponding change in the case of the petals is far more common. De
Candolle cites in illustration of this occurrence flowers of the common
haricot, in which the alae and carina of the corolla were thus
changed.[317] There is in cultivation a form of _Saxifraga granulata_
wherein the petals are replaced by stamens, so that there are fifteen
stamens. A similar change has been observed in _Capsella
bursa-pastoris_.

Cramer figures and describes a stamen occupying the place of a petal in
_Daucus Carota_.[318] Turpin[319] describes a similar occurrence in
_Monarda fistulosa_, in which the lower lip terminated in an anther, but
this may have been a case of adhesion. Moquin cites from Chamisso,
_Digitalis purpurea_, and from Jussieu, _Asphodelus ramosus_, as having
presented this change, and Wiegmann[320] has seen anthers developed on
the awns of _Avena chinensis_. In semi-double flowers of _Ophrys
aranifera_ and _Orchis mascula_, the lateral petals are occasionally
partially antheroid, and others occur in which two of the outer series
of stamens, which are ordinarily suppressed, are present, but in a
petaloid state. Reichenbach[321] figures an illustration of this change,
and also Moggridge.[322]

=Staminody of the pistils.=--The existence of this change has been
denied by several authors, nevertheless, it is of sufficiently common
occurrence. Alexander Braun notices the transformation of pistils into
stamens in Chives (_Allium Scorodoprasum_), and in which three stamens
appeared in the place of as many pistils, and had extrorse anthers,
while the six normal anthers are introrse. In the horse-radish
(_Armoracia rusticana_), two of the carpels are frequently converted
into stamens, while two other organs absent from the normal flower make
their appearance as carpels. Roeper has observed this phenomenon in
_Euphorbia palustris_,[323] and in _Gentiana campestris_.[324] In these
examples one of the carpels was apparently absent, and its place
supplied by an anther. Roeper has also mentioned a balsam with a
supernumerary stamen occupying exactly the position of