_Anagallis_, in _Fuchsia_, and some other plants, the
anther-lobes themselves become petaloid, while the filament remains
unchanged.

In gardens two distinct varieties of Columbine are cultivated, the one
in which the filaments are dilated into the form of flat petals almost
entirely or quite destitute of anthers, while in the other the filament
is present in its usual form, but the anther is developed in the shape
of a tubular hood or spur.

De Candolle[303] observes that in the _Ranunculaceae_ the species of
_Clematis_ become double by the expansion of the filament, those of
_Ranunculus_ by the dilatation of the anther, and those of _Helleborus_
by the petal-like development of both filament and anther. In some cases
even on the same plant all three modifications may be seen, as in
Camellias, some of which may be found with petaloid filaments with
anthers on the top, others with the filaments unchanged, but supporting
petaloid anthers, while in others it is the connective alone which is
petal-like. Where the flower naturally contains a large number of
stamens, as in Mallows, Roses, Magnolias, &c., petaloid expansion of the
filament is most common, though it is by no means confined to such
flowers, the change occurring in _Allamanda cathartica_, _Jasminum
grandiflorum_, and many other flowers with few stamens. A similar change
in the anther and connective takes place more frequently in flowers
where the number of stamens is smaller, but there are of course numerous
exceptions to this rule.

In those cases where there is more than one row of stamens, the
outermost are most liable to this change: thus in _Saxifraga decipiens_,
as shown by Ch. Morren,[304] the outer series of stamens--those opposite
to the sepals--become first affected, and, at a more advanced stage, the
inner row also; and this is the case in most flowers that have their
stamens in two rows. Occasionally it happens that an outer series of
stamens is abortive, or wholly suppressed, while the inner row becomes
petalodic; this was the case in some flowers of _Lilium auratum_ lately
exhibited by Messrs. Veitch.

Those flowers in which only a portion of the stamens undergo this change
are called semi-double, while in other cases that will be hereafter
mentioned, not only are the stamens thus rendered petaloid, but their
number is also augmented, as in most double roses, pinks, anemones,
poppies, &c.

In some double flowers, in which the stamens assume m