the ballot a list of party names, by
marking one of which a voter would cast his vote for all of the candidates
of that party. Pennsylvania placed all the candidates not in a party-group
in alphabetical order.

Iowa adopted the Australian ballot system in 1892; Alabama and Kansas in
1893; Virginia in 1894; Florida in 1895; and Louisiana and Utah in 1896. In
1895, too, New York adopted the blanket ballot in place of separate party
ballots, but arranged the names of candidates in party columns. The only
state to abandon the blanket ballot after once adopting it was Missouri
which in 1897 returned to the system of separate ballots, with no provision
for booths where the ballot might be marked in secret. (See the article,
"Present Status of the Ballot Laws," by Arthur Ludington in _Amer. Pol.
Science Rev._ for May 1909.)

Owing to the large number of officials chosen at one time in American
elections, the form and appearance of the ballot used is very different
from that in Great Britain. At the quadrennial presidential election in New
York state, for example, the officers to be voted for by each elector are
thirty-six presidential electors, one congressman, state-governor,
lieutenant-governor and five other state officers, a member for each house
of the state legislature, several judges, a sheriff, county-clerk and other
county officers. The column with the list of the candidates of each party
for all of these offices is 2 to 3 ft. in length; and as there are often
eight to ten party-tickets in the field, the ballot-paper is usually from
18 to 20 in. in width. Each voter receives one of these "blanket" ballots
on entering the polling-place, and retires to a booth to mark either a
party column or the individual candidates in different columns for whom he
wishes to vote. Where, as in Massachusetts, the names of candidates are
arranged by offices instead of in party-lists, every voter must mark the
name of each individual candidate for whom he wishes to vote. Connecticut,
New Jersey, Missouri, North and South Carolina, Georgia and New Mexico use
the system of separate party ballots. (See also VOTING, VOTING MACHINES,
ELECTION, REPRESENTATION.)

[1] For a description of Grote's card-frame, in which the card was
punctured through a hole, and was thus never in the voter's hands, see
_Spectator_, 25th February 1837.

BALLOU, HOSEA (1771-1852), American Universalist clergyman, was born in
Richmond, New Hampshire, on the 30th o