ed the king's signature, and that afterwards he had
added the full titles of the pope. In March 1609 he was tried, attainted
and sentenced to death, but after a brief imprisonment he was released and
he died at Balmerino in July 1612.

Balmerino's elder son JOHN (d. 1649) was permitted to take his father's
title in 1613. In 1634 he was imprisoned for his opposition to Charles I.
in Scotland, and by a bare majority of the jury he was found guilty of
"leasing-making" and was sentenced to death. But popular sympathy was
strongly in his favour; the poet Drummond of Hawthornden and others
interceded for him, and after much hesitation Charles pardoned him.
Balmerino, however, did not desist from his opposition to the king. A chief
among the Covenanters and a trusted counsellor of the marquess of Argyll,
he presided over the celebrated parliament which met in Edinburgh in August
1641, and was one of the Scottish commissioners who visited England in
1644. He died in February 1649 and was succeeded as 3rd lord by his son
JOHN (1623-1704), who in 1669 inherited from his uncle James the title of
Lord Coupar. John's son JOHN, 4th Lord Balmerino (1652-1736), was a lawyer
of some repute and, although a sturdy opponent of the Union, was a Scottish
representative peer in 1710 and 1713. John's son ARTHUR (1688-1746) who
became 6th Lord Balmerino on the death of his half-brother John in January
1746, is famous as a Jacobite. He joined the partisans of James Edward, the
Old Pretender, after the battle of Sheriffmuir in November 1713, and then
lived for some time in exile, returning to Scotland in 1733 when his father
had [v.03 p.0283] secured for him a pardon. He was one of the first to join
Charles Edward in 1745; he marched with the Jacobites to Derby, fought at
Falkirk and was captured at Culloden. Tried for treason in Westminster Hall
he was found guilty, and was beheaded on the 11th of August 1746, behaving
both at his trial and at his execution with great constancy and courage. On
his death without issue his titles became extinct.

BALMES, JAIME LUCIANO (1810-1848), Spanish ecclesiastic, eminent as a
political writer and a philosopher, was born at Vich in Catalonia, on the
28th of August 1810, and died there on the 9th of July 1848. Having
attacked the regent Espartero and been exiled he founded and edited on his
return the _El Pensamiento de la Nacion_, a Catholic and Conservative
weekly; but his fame rests principally on _El Protes