the bank-waters in different parts of the coast are too
complex to be briefly explained; their relations to the times of occurrence
of various fisheries of the region present many remarkable features, which
have been investigated in recent years by the Swedish Commission.

On the west and south coasts of Sweden, and in the Skagerrak south-east of
Norway, navigation is interfered with by ice only in severe winters, and
then the ice is usually drifting, compact sea-ice being very rare. Between
Stockholm and Visby navigation usually ceases at the end of December and
begins again about the 10th of April. During very severe winters the Aland
Sea is covered with thick ice available for traffic. The south part of the
Gulf of Bothnia is covered with ice every winter along the coasts, but
rarely, if ever, in its central part. Navigation is interrupted by drifting
ice from about the middle of November to the beginning of May, though the
port of Hernosand has been known to remain open during a whole winter. The
northern Quarken is covered with traversable ice every third or fourth
year. The northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia is frozen every winter. In
the Gulf of Finland the sea is closed to navigation by ice for about 150
days in the year; but navigation is rendered possible throughout the winter
by the use of ice-breakers.

See references to different parts of the subject in the standard books of
A. Penck, A. de Lapparent, E. Suess and others. Also Credner, _Die
Entstehung der Ostsee_ (Leipzig, 1895); G. de Geer, _Om Skandinaviens
nivaforandringar under quartarperioden_ (Stockholm, 1888); R. Sieger,
_Seeenschwankungen und Strandverschiebungen in Skandinavien_ (Berlin,
1893); O. Pettersson, "Review of Swedish Hydrographic Research," _Scottish
Geographical Magazine_ (1894); N. Ekholm, _Om klimatets andringar i
geologisk och historisk tid. Ymer_ (Stockholm, 1899); _Publications of the
International Council for the Study of the Sea_ (Copenhagen, since 1902).

(H. N. D.)

[v.03 p.0287] BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (_c._ 1580-1632),
English statesman, son of Leonard Calvert, and Alice, daughter of John
Crosland of Crosland, was born at Kipling in Yorkshire and educated at
Trinity College, Oxford. After travelling on the continent, he entered the
public service as secretary to Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury.
In 1606 he was appointed clerk of the crown in Connaught and Clare, in 1608
a clerk of the council, and