erian Peninsula. Though geographically contiguous,
and so closely associated in the popular mind, the Spanish and
Portuguese nations offer in fact the most striking divergences alike in
character and institutions, and separate treatment was essential in
justice to each country. The preferential attention given to Spain is
only in keeping with the more prominent part she has played, and may yet
play, in the history of civilisation.

* * * * *

I am indebted for the chapters on Portugal to Mr. Eugene E. Street,
whose long and intimate acquaintance with the land and its people
renders him peculiarly fitted to draw their picture.

L. HIGGIN.

CONTENTS

_SPANISH LIFE_

PAGE
CHAPTER I
LAND AND PEOPLE 1

CHAPTER II
TYPES AND TRAITS 24

CHAPTER III
NATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 38

CHAPTER IV
SPANISH SOCIETY 55

CHAPTER V
MODERN MADRID 77

CHAPTER VI
THE COURT 97

CHAPTER VII
POPULAR AMUSEMENTS 111

CHAPTER VIII
THE PRESS AND ITS LEADERS 129

CHAPTER IX
POLITICAL GOVERNMENT 142

CHAPTER X
COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE 156

CHAPTER XI
THE ARMY AND NAVY 183

CHAPTER XII
RELIGIOUS LIFE 198

CHAPTER XIII
EDUCATION AND THE PRIESTHOOD 213

CHAPTER XIV
PHILANTHROPY--POSITION OF WOMEN--MARRIAGE CUSTOMS 226

CHAPTER XV
MUSIC, ART, AND THE DRAMA 236

CHAPTER XVI
MODERN LITERATURE 246

CHAPTER XVII
THE FUTURE OF SPAIN 260

_PORTUGUESE LIFE_

CHAPTER XVIII
LAND AND PEOPLE 277

CHAPTER XIX
PORTUGUE