triennially, were established in 1855. In 1908 they numbered eighty-one.
The councils are presided over by a civil commissioner who is also
usually resident magistrate. They have to maintain all roads in the
division; can nominate field cornets (magistrates); may borrow money on
the security of the rates for public works; and return three members
yearly to the district licensing court. Their receipts in 1908 were
L269,000; their expenditure in the same period was L283,000. The
electors to the divisional councils are the owners or occupiers of
immovable property. Members of the councils must be registered voters
and owners of immovable property in the division valued at not less than
L500.

Municipalities at the Cape date from 1836, and are now, for the most
part, subject to the provisions of the General Municipal Act of 1882.
Certain municipalities have, however, obtained special acts for their
governance. In 1907 there were 110 municipalities in the province. Under
the act of 1882 the municipalities were given power to levy annually an
owner's rate assessed upon the capital value of rateable property, and a
tenant's rate assessed upon the annual value of such property. No rate
may exceed 2d. in the L on the capital value or 8d. in the L on the
annual value. The receipts of the municipalities in 1907 amounted to
L1,430,000. During the same period the expenditure amounted to
L1,539,000.

_Law and Justice_.--The basis of the judicial system is the Roman-Dutch
law, which has been, however, modified by legislation of the Cape
parliament. In each division of the province there is a resident
magistrate with primary jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. The
South Africa Act 1909 created a Supreme Court of South Africa, the
supreme court of the Cape of Good Hope, which sits at Cape Town,
becoming a provincial division of the new supreme court, presided over
by a judge-president. The two other superior courts of Cape Colony,
namely the eastern districts court which sits at Graham's Town, and the
high court of Griqualand which sits at Kimberley, became local divisions
of the Supreme Court of South Africa. Each of these courts consists of a
judge-president and two puisne judges. The provincial and local courts,
besides their original powers, have jurisdiction in all matters in which
the government of the Union is a party and in all matters in which the
validity of any provincial ordinance shall come into question. From the