to the Hottentots and other free coloured people; the imposition
(1830) of heavy penalties for harsh treatment of slaves, and finally the
emancipation of the slaves in 1834,[5]--all these things increased the
dislike of the farmers to the government. Moreover, the inadequate
compensation awarded to slave-owners, and the suspicions engendered by
the method of payment, caused much resentment, and in 1835 the trekking
of farmers into unknown country in order to escape from an unloved
government, which had characterized the 18th century, recommenced.
Emigration beyond the colonial border had in fact been continuous for
150 years, but it now took on larger proportions.

_The Third Kaffir War_.--On the eastern border further trouble arose
with the Kaffirs, towards whom the policy of the Cape government was
marked by much vacillation. On the 11th of December 1834 a chief of high
rank was killed while resisting a commando party. This set the whole of
the Kaffir tribes in a blaze. A force of 10,000 fighting men, led by
Macomo, a brother of the chief who was killed, swept across the
frontier, pillaged and burned the homesteads and murdered all who dared
to resist. Among the worst sufferers were a colony of freed Hottentots
who, in 1829, had been settled in the Kat river valley by the British
authorities. The fighting power of the colony was scanty, but the
governor, Sir Benjamin D'Urban (q.v.), acted with promptitude, and all
available forces were mustered under Colonel (afterwards Sir Harry)
Smith, who reached Graham's Town on the 6th of January 1835, six days
after news of the rising reached Cape Town. The enemy's territory was
invaded, and after nine months' fighting the Kaffirs were completely
subdued, and a new treaty of peace concluded (on the 17th of September).
By this treaty all the country as far as the river Kei was acknowledged
to be British, and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for
the seat of government was selected and named King Wiliam's Town.

_The Great Trek_.--The action of Sir Benjamin D'Urban was not approved
by the home government, and on the instruction of Lord Glenelg,
secretary for the colonies, who declared that "the great evil of the
Cape Colony consists in its magnitude," the colonial boundary was moved
back to the Great Fish river, and eventually (in 1837) Sir Benjamin was
dismissed from office. "The Kaffirs," in the opinion of Lord Glenelg,
"had an ample justification for war; they h