missionary effort apart, to educate the Kaffirs and to establish British
authority firmly among them, a result which the self-destruction of the
Amaxosa rendered easy. Beyond the Kei the natives were left to their own
devices. Sir George Grey left the Cape in 1861. During his governorship
the resources of the colony had been increased by the opening up of the
copper mines in Little Namaqualand, the mohair wool industry had been
established and Natal made a separate colony. The opening, in November
1863, of the railway from Cape Town to Wellington, begun in 1859, and
the construction in 1860 of the great breakwater in Table Bay, long
needed on that perilous coast, marked the beginning in the colony of
public works on a large scale. They were the more or less direct result
of the granting to the colony of a large share in its own government. In
1865 the province of British Kaffraria was incorporated with the colony,
under the title of the Electoral Divisions of King William's Town and
East London. The transfer was marked by the removal of the prohibition
of the sale of alcoholic liquors to the natives, and the free trade in
intoxicants which followed had most deplorable results among the Kaffir
tribes. A severe drought, affecting almost the entire colony for several
years, caused great depression of trade, and many farmers suffered
severely. It was at this period (1869) that ostrich-farming was
successfully established as a separate industry.

Whether by or against the wish of the home government, the limits of
British authority continued to extend. The Basutos, who dwelt in the
upper valleys of the Orange river, had subsisted under a
semi-protectorate of the British government from 1843 to 1854; but
having been left to their own resources on the abandonment of the Orange
sovereignty, they fell into a long exhaustive warfare with the Boers of
the Free State. On the urgent petition of their chief Moshesh, they were
proclaimed British subjects in 1868, and their territory became part of
the colony in 1871 (see BASUTOLAND). In the same year the south-eastern
part of Bechuanaland was annexed to Great Britain under the title of
Griqualand West. This annexation was a consequence of the discovery
there of rich diamond mines, an event which was destined to have
far-reaching results. (F. R. C.)

_Development of Modern Conditions._--The year 1870 marks the dawn of a
new era in South Africa. From that date the development of m