erous minor conflicts which since 1789 had taken place between the
colonists and the Kaffirs--the latter sometimes aided by Hottentot
allies--are not reckoned in the usual enumeration of the Kaffir wars.)
The Kaffirs, who had crossed the colonial frontier, had been expelled
from the district between the Sunday and Great Fish rivers known as the
Zuurveld, which became a sort of neutral ground. For some time previous
to 1811 the Kaffirs, however, had taken possession of the neutral ground
and committed depredations on the colonists. In order to expel them from
the Zuurveld, Colonel John Graham took the field with a mixed force in
December 1811, and in the end the Kaffirs were driven beyond the Fish
river. On the site of Colonel Graham's headquarters arose the town which
bears his name. In 1817 further trouble arose with the Kaffirs, the
immediate cause of quarrel being an attempt by the colonial authorities
to enforce the restitution of some stolen cattle. Routed in 1818 the
Kaffirs rallied, and in the early part of 1819 poured into the colony in
vast hordes. Led by a prophet-chief named Makana, they attacked Graham's
Town on the 22nd of April, then held by a handful of white troops. Help
arrived in time and the enemy were beaten back. It was then arranged
that the land between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers should be neutral
territory.

_The British Settlers of 1820_.--The war of 1817-19 led to the first
introduction of English settlers on a considerable scale, an event
fraught with far-reaching consequences. The then governor, Lord Charles
Somerset, whose treaty arrangements with the Kaffir chiefs had proved
unfortunate, desired to erect a barrier against the Kaffirs by settling
white colonists in the border district. In 1820, on the advice of Lord
Charles, parliament voted L50,000 to promote emigration to the Cape, and
4000 British were sent out. These people formed what was known as the
Albany settlement, founding Port Elizabeth and making Graham's Town
their headquarters. Intended primarily as a measure to secure the safety
of the frontier, and regarded by the British government chiefly as a
better means of affording a livelihood to a few thousands of the surplus
population, this emigration scheme accomplished a far greater work than
its authors contemplated. The new settlers, drawn from every part of the
British Isles and from almost every grade of society, retained, and
their descendants retain, strong sympathy with