ild torpedo-boats at Abo in Finland, and the admiralty has
steel works at Ijora, where some torpedo-boats have been built. Other
ordnance and steel works are at Obukhov and Putilov.

_Japan._--The principal Japanese dockyard, which was established by
the Shogunate in 1866, is Yokosuka. French naval constructors and
engineers were employed, and several wooden ships were built. The
Japanese took the administration into their own hands in 1875, and
built a number of vessels of small displacement in the yard. The limit
of size was about 5000 tons, but the establishment has been enlarged
so that vessels of the first class may be built there. There is a
first-class modern dry dock which will take the largest battleship.
Shipbuilding would be undertaken to a larger extent but for the fact
that nearly all material has to come from abroad. Down to 1905 all the
important vessels of the Japanese navy were built in Great Britain,
France, Germany and the United States, but at the end of that year a
first-class cruiser of 13,500 tons (the "Tsukuba") was launched from
the important yard at Kure. There are other yards at Sassebo and
Maisuru.

DOCTOR (Lat. for "teacher"), the title conferred by the highest
university degree. Originally there were only two degrees, those of
bachelor and master, and the title doctor was given to certain masters
as a merely honorary appellation. The process by which it became
established as a degree superior to that of master cannot be clearly
traced. At Bologna it seems to have been conferred in the faculty of law
as early as the 12th century. Paris conferred the degree in the faculty
of divinity, according to Antony Wood, some time after 1150. In England
it was introduced in the 13th century; and both in England and on the
continent it was long confined to the faculties of law and divinity.
Though the word is so commonly used as synonymous with "physician," it
was not until the 14th century that the doctor's degree began to be
conferred in medicine. The tendency since has been to extend it to all
faculties; thus in Germany, in the faculty of arts, it has replaced the
old title of _magister_. The doctorate of music was first conferred at
Oxford and Cambridge.

_Doctors of the Church_ are certain saints whose doctrinal writings have
obtained, by the universal consent of the Church or by papal decree, a
special authority. In the case of the great schoolmen a charact