n navies. The Orlando Yard at
Leghorn is Government property, but is leased by the firm, and
possesses five building slips.

_Austria-Hungary._--The naval arsenal is on the well-protected harbour
of Pola, in Istria, which is the headquarters of the national navy,
and includes establishments of all kinds for the maintenance of the
fleet. There are large building and docking facilities, and a number
of warships have been built there. There is a construction yard also
at Trieste. A new coaling and torpedo station is at Teodo, large
magazines and stores are at Vallelunga, and the mining establishment
is at Ficella. The shipbuilding branch of the navy is under the
direction of a chief constructor (_Oberster-Ingenieur_), assisted by
seven constructors, of whom two are of the first class. The
engineering and ordnance branches are similarly organized.

_Spain._--The Spanish dockyards are of considerable antiquity, but of
diminishing importance. There is an establishment at Ferrol, another
at Cartagena, and a third at Cadiz. They are well equipped in all
necessary respects, but are not provided with continuous work. A
recent arrangement is the specialization of the yards, Ferrol being
designed for larger, and Carthagena for smaller, building work. The
ordnance establishment is at Carraca.

_Russia._--In Russia the naval ports are of two classes. The most
important are Kronstadt, St Petersburg and Nikolayev. Of lesser
importance are Reval, Sveaborg, Sevastopol, Batum, Baku and
Vladivostok. The administration of the larger ports, except St
Petersburg, which is under special regulations, is in the hands of
vice-admirals, who are commanders-in-chief, while the smaller ports
are under the direction of rear-admirals. All are directly under the
minister of marine, except that the Black Sea ports and Astrabad, on
the Caspian, are subordinate to the commander-in-chief at Nikolayev.
Sevastopol has grown in importance, and become mainly a naval harbour,
the commercial harbour being removed to Theodosia. The Russian
government has also proposed to remodel the harbour works at St
Petersburg and Kronstadt. The Emperor Alexander III. Port at Libau, on
the Baltic, is in a region less liable to be icebound in the winter.
There are no strictly private yards for the building of large vessels
in Russia, except that of the Black Sea Company at Nikolayev. Messrs
Creighton bu