eristic
qualification was added to the title doctor, e.g. "angelicus" (Aquinas),
"mellifluus" (Bernard). The doctors of the Church are: for the East, SS.
Athanasius, Gregory of Nazianzus, Basil the Great, John Chrysostom; for
the West, SS. Hilary, Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, Gregory the Great,
Anselm, Bernard, Bonaventura and Thomas Aquinas. To these St Alphonso
dei Liguori was added by Pope Pius IX.

DOCTORS' COMMONS, the name formerly applied to a society of
ecclesiastical lawyers in London, forming a distinct profession for the
practice of the civil and canon laws. Some members of the profession
purchased in 1567 a site near St Paul's, on which at their own expense
they erected houses (destroyed in the great fire, but rebuilt in 1672)
for the residence of the judges and advocates, and proper buildings for
holding the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts. In 1768 a royal charter
was obtained by virtue of which the then members of the society and
their successors were incorporated under the name and title of "The
College of Doctors of Law exercent in the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty
Courts." The college consisted of a president (the dean of Arches for
the time being) and of those doctors of law who, having regularly taken
that degree in either of the universities of Oxford or Cambridge, and
having been admitted advocates in pursuance of the rescript of the
archbishop of Canterbury, were elected fellows in the manner prescribed
by the charter. There were also attached to the college thirty-four
proctors, whose duties were analogous to those of solicitors. The judges
of the archiepiscopal courts were always selected from this college. By
the Court of Probate Act 1857 the college was empowered to sell its real
and personal estate and to surrender its charter, and it was enacted
that on such surrender the college should be dissolved and the property
thereof belong to the then existing members as tenants in common for
their own use and benefit. The college was accordingly dissolved, and
the various ecclesiastical courts which sat at Doctors' Commons (the
Court of Arches, the Prerogative Court, the Faculty Court and the Court
of Delegates) are now open to the whole bar.

DOCTRINAIRES, the name given to the leaders of the moderate and
constitutional Royalists in France after the second restoration of Louis
XVIII. in 1815. The name, as has often been the case with party
designations, was at first given in derision,