ole, at least the very great
majority of the voters. Their views were set forth by Guizot in 1816 in
his treatise _Du gouvernement representatif et de l'etat actuel de la
France._ The chief organs of the party in the press were the
_Independent_, renamed the _Constitutionnel_ in 1817, and the _Journal
des debats_. The supporters of the Doctrinaires in the country were
chiefly ex-officials of the empire,--who believed in the necessity for
monarchical government but had a lively memory of Napoleon's tyranny and
a no less lively hatred of the _ancien regime_--merchants, manufacturers
and members of the liberal professions, particularly the lawyers. The
history of the Doctrinaires as a separate political party began in 1816
and ended in 1830. In 1816 they obtained the co-operation of Louis
XVIII., who had been frightened by the violence of the Ultras in the
_Chambre introuvable_ of 1815. In 1830 they were destroyed by Charles X.
when he took the Ultra prince de Polignac as his minister and entered on
the conflict with Liberalism in France which ended in his overthrow.
During the revolution of 1830 the Doctrinaires became absorbed in the
Orleanists, from whom they had never been separated on any ground of
principle (see FRANCE: _History_).

The word "doctrinaire" has become naturalized in English terminology, as
applied, in a slightly contemptuous sense, to a theorist, as
distinguished from a practical man of affairs.

See Duvergier de Hauranne, _Histoire du gouvernement parlementaire en
France_ (Paris, 1857-1871), vol. iii.

DOCUMENT, strictly, in law, that which can serve as evidence or proof,
and is written or printed, or has an inscription or any significance
that can be "read"; thus a picture, authenticated photograph, seal or
the like would furnish "documentary evidence." More generally the word
is used for written or printed papers that provide information or
evidence on a subject. The Latin _documentum_, from which the word is
derived, meant, in classical times, a lesson, example or proof
(_docere_, to teach), and only in medieval Latin came to be applied to
an _instrumentum_, or record in writing. The classical Latin use is
found in English; thus Jeremy Taylor (Works, ed. 1835, i. 815) speaks of
punishment being a "single and sudden document if instantly inflicted"
(see DIPLOMATIC; and EVIDENCE).

DODD, WILLIAM (1729-1777), English divine, was born at Bourne in
Lincolnshire in May 1729. He was ad