25

Liu Yuean, sculptor, 243;
emperor, 119, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 137, 139

Lo Kuan-chung, writer, 254

Loans, to farmers, 94;
foreign, 288

Loess, soil formation, 9

Logic, 46

Long March, 321

Lorcha War, 287, 291

Loyang (Lo-yang), capital of China, 32, 33, 36, 37, 55, 97, 113, 122,
127, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 160, 168, 176, 180, 184, 185, 215

Lu, state, 41, 43

Lue, empress, 77 ff.

Lu Hsiang-shan, philosopher, 263

Lu Hsuen, writer, 320

Lue Kuang, ruler, 130

Lue Pu, general, 100

Lue Pu-wei, politician, 63, 103

Lun, prince, 120

_Lun-heng_, book, 104

Lung-men, place, 150

Lung-shan, excavation site, 14, 15 ff., 19

Lytton Commission, 316

Ma Yin, ruler, 199-200

Ma Yuean, general, 97;
painter, 221

Macchiavellism, 60, 164, 263-4

Macao, Portuguese colony, 227, 266, 286

Mahayana, Buddhist sect, 135, 145

Maitreya, Buddhist deity, 147, 189
(_see_ Messianic movements)

Malacca, state, 263

Malaria, 249

Managers, 212-13

Manchu, tribal federation and dynasty, 76, 232, 265, 267, 270 ff., 301,
312, 329, 330

Manchuria, 9, 11, 14, 111, 114, 137, 222, 246, 275, 277, 296, 311, 316,
317

Manichaeism, Iranian religion, 46, 179, 187

Manors (_chuang_, _see_ Estates), 154

Mao Tun, Hsiung-nu ruler, 75, 76, 119, 122, 139, 170

Mao Tse-tung, party leader, 320, 321, 333

Marco Polo, businessman, 238, 317

Market, 56;
Market control, 85

Marriage systems, 73-5, 167, 196, 332

Marxism, 304, 306, 322, 331, 333;
Marxist theory of history, 75
(_see_ Materialism, Communism, Lenin, Mao Tse-tung)

Materialism, 58, 164

Mathematics, 61

Matrilinear societies, 24

Mazdaism, Iranian religion, 101, 179, 187, 342

May Fourth Movement, 307, 320

Medicine, 219;
Medical doctors, 144, 216-17

Meditation
(_see_ Ch'an)

Megalithic culture, 20

Meiji, Japanese ruler, 294

Melanesia, 10

Mencius (Meng Tzu), philosopher, 57

Merchants, 31, 55, 56, 62, 63, 65, 79, 90-1, 104-5, 134, 160, 163, 179,
189, 198, 200, 201, 202, 212, 215-16, 247-8, 251, 276-7, 297;
foreign merchants, 190, 234, 237, 281-2
(_see_ Trade, Salt, Caravans, Businessmen)

Messianic movements, 61, 147

Metal, 15, 20
(_see_ Bronze, Copper, Iron)

Mi Fei, painter, 220

Middle Class, 195, 254, 297, 304, 309, 310, 314
(_see_ Burgher, Merchant, Craftsmen, Artisans)

Middle East
(_see_ Near East)

Migrations, 54, 116, 120 ff., 130, 142, 152