, 35-6, 137;
Nomadic society structure, 75

Novels, 254 ff., 280

Oil, 294

Oirat, Mongol tribes, 260

Okinawa (_see_ Ryukyu)

Oeloet, Mongol tribes, 277

Opera, 242, 255-6

Opium, 276, 286;
Opium War, 286

Oracle bones, 22, 24

Ordos, area, 9, 17, 20, 67, 86, 125, 129, 133, 148, 170, 225

Orenburg, city, 282

Organizations, 58
(_see hui-kuan_ Guilds, _hong_, Secret Societies)

Orphanages, 218

Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, 293

Ou-yang Hsiu, writer, 254

Outer Mongolia, 310-11, 330

Pagoda, 243

Pai-chi (Paikche), state in Korea, 141

Pai-lien-hui (_see_ White Lotos) 239

Painting, 56, 105, 183, 220 ff., 243, 255, 281

Palaeolithicum, 8 ff.

Pan Ch'ao, general, 99, 100

_pao-chia_, security system, 173

Paper, 105, 183, 251;
Paper money, 202, 228, 237
(_see_ Money)

Parliament, 300-1

Party (_see_ Kuo-min-tang, Communists)

Pearl Harbour, 319

Peasant rebellions, 238 ff.
(_see_ Rebellions)

Peking, city, 169, 184, 197, 207, 208, 221, 223, 235, 239, 246, 256,
257, 262, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 272, 278, 283, 287, 290, 291, 297,
299, 305, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 318;
Peking Man, 8

Pensions, 217, 247

People's Democracy, 294

Persecution, religious, 147, 188, 207

Persia (Iran), 256, 258, 259;
Persian language, 234

Peruz, ruler, 178

Philippines, state, 295, 323, 325

Philosophy, 44, 217 ff., 263 ff.
(_see_ Confucius, Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu, Huai-nan Tzu,
Hsuen Tzu, Mencius, Hui Tzu, Mo Ti, Kung-sun Lung, Shang
Tzu, Han Fei Tzu, Tsou Yen, Legalists, Chung-ch'ang,
T'ung, Yuean Chi, Liu Ling, Chu Hsi, Ch'eng Hao, Lu Hsiang-shan,
Wang Yang-ming, etc.)

_pi-chi_, literary form, 220

_pieh-yeh (see_ Manor), 154

Pien-liang, city (_see_ K'ai-feng), 230

_pien-wen_, literary form, 253

Pig, 54, 199

Pilgrims, 245

P'ing-ch'eng, city, 122

Pirates, 245, 263

Plantation economy, 154

Plough, 54

Po Chue-i, poet, 182, 220

Po-hai, state, 171, 222, 229

Poetry, 48, 163, 175, 182 ff., 227, 241, 255;
Court Poetry, 105;
Northern Poetry, 133

Poets, 219 ff.
(_see_ T'ao Ch'ien, Po Chue-i, Li T'ai-po, Tu Fu, etc.)

Politicians, migratory, 52

Pontic migration, 16

Population changes, 21, 55, 62, 78, 108, 236, 238, 273-4;
Population decrease, 107
(_see_ Census, Fertility)

Porcelain, 20, 183, 201, 221, 251, 256, 281

Port Arthur, city, 296

Portsmouth, treaty, 296

Portuguese 262, 263
(_see_ Fu-lan-