-toft_ (O.N. _topt_, a green knoll), e.g.
Toft, Langtoft; _-with_ (O.N. _viar_, a wood), e.g. Blawith, Stowiths.

Tarn (a mountain pool), grain and sike (mountain streams) are also
Scandinavian terms.

_Norman._--Norman influence has not been very great in English
place-nomenclature. The number of places with pure French names is
extremely limited; a few such are Beaulieu, Belvoir, Beauchief,
Beaudesert, Beaufort, Beaumont, also Theydon _Bois_, War-_boys_.
Norman influence is marked more strongly in certain compound
place-names, where one of the elements often represents the name of
the original Norman tenant or holder, e.g. Thorpe _Mandeville_,
_Helion_ Bumstead, Higham _Ferrers_, Swaffham _Bulbeck_, Stoke
_Gifford_, Shepton _Mallet_; similarly names like Lyme _Regis_,
_King's_ Sutton, _Monks'_ Kirby, Zeal _Monachorum_, Milton _Abbas_,
_Bishop's_ Waltham, _Prior's_ Dean, Huish _Episcopi_ date from feudal
times. Gallicized forms are also to be found in a few forms like
Kirkby-le-Soken, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Alsop-en-le-Dale,
Barnoldby-le-Beck. Ecclesiastical influence is to be found in such
names as Aldwinkle St Peter, Barford St Martin, Belchamp St Paul, the
name of the saint being the name either of the saint to whom the
church at that place was dedicated or the patron-saint of the
monastery or abbey to whom lands in that district belonged.
(A. MW.)

VI. Population

Until the beginning of the 19th century there existed no other knowledge
of the actual area and population of the country but what was given in
the vaguest estimates. But there can be little doubt that the population
of England and Wales increased very slowly for centuries, owing largely
to want of intercommunication, which led to famines, more or less
severe--it being a common occurrence that, while one county, with a good
harvest, was enjoying abundance, the people of the adjoining one were
starving. The interpretation of certain figures given in the Domesday
Survey (which do not cover certain parts of modern England nor take
account of the ecclesiastical population) is a matter of widely
divergent opinion; but a total population of one million and a half has
been accepted by many for the close of the 11th century. In 1377 the
levying of a poll-tax provides partial figures from which a total of two
to two-and-a-half millions has been deduced, but again divergent views
have been expressed as to how far