-----------+-------------+
| | Monmouthshire[23] | 6.67 |
+----------------+-----------------------------+-------------+

The coal-fields on the eastern flank of the Pennines, therefore,
namely, the Northern and the Yorkshire, are seen to be by far the most
important in England. The carrying trade in coal is naturally very
extensive, and may be considered here. The principal ports for the
shipping of coal for export, set down in order of the amount shipped,
also fall very nearly into topographical groups, thus:--Newcastle,
South Shields and Blyth in the Northern District; Newport in
Monmouthshire; Sunderland in the Northern District, Hull, Grimsby and
Goole on the Humber, which forms the eastern outlet of the Yorkshire
coal-fields; Hartlepool, in the Northern District, and Liverpool. The
tonnage annually shipped ranges from about 4-1/2 millions of tons in
the case of Newcastle to some half a million in the case of Liverpool;
but the export trade of Cardiff in South Wales far surpasses that of
any English port, being more than three times that of Newcastle in
1903. The coastwise carrying trade is also important, the bulk being
shared about equally by Sunderland, Newcastle, South Shields and
Cardiff, while Liverpool has also a large share. Of the whole amount
of coal received coastwise at English and Welsh ports (about 13-1/2
million tons), London received considerably over one-half (nearly 8
million tons in 1903). The railways having the heaviest coal traffic
are the North-Eastern, which monopolizes the traffic of Northumberland
and Durham; the Midland, commanding the Derbyshire, Yorkshire and East
Midland traffic, and some of the Welsh; the London & North Western,
whose principal sources are the Lancashire, Staffordshire and South
Welsh districts; the Great Western and the Taff Vale (South Welsh),
with the Great Central, Lancashire & Yorkshire and Great Northern
systems.

In the face of railway competition, several of the canals maintain a
fair traffic in coal, for which they are eminently suitable--the
system of the Birmingham navigation, the Aire and Calder navigation of
Yorkshire, and the Leeds and Liverpool navigation have the largest
shares in this trade.

Iron.

The richest iron-mining district in England and in the United Kingdom
is the Cleveland district of the North Riding of Yorkshire. It
pr