iction to theories held by other people on the subject. I had
always believed--for reasons which I shall fully explain later--that
South America must be peopled by tribes of an Australoid or Papuan
type--people who had got there directly from the west or south-west, not
by people who had gradually drifted there from the north.

Some scientists--with no experience of travel--have been greatly misled
by the fact that the North American Indians are decidedly a Mongolian
race. Therefore they assumed--basing their assumption on incorrect
data--that the unknown Indians of South America must also be Mongolian.
This was a mistake, although undoubtedly migrations on a comparatively
small scale of Indians from North to South America must have taken place,
chiefly along the western American coast. Those tribes, however,
unaccustomed to high mountains, never crossed the Andes. Whatever types
of Indians with Mongolian characteristics were found settled in South
America were to be found to the west of the Andes and not to the east.
This does not of course mean that in recent years, when roads and
railways and steamships have been established, and communication made
comparatively easy, individuals or families may not have been conveyed
from one coast to the other of the South American continent. But I wish
my reader to keep in mind for a moment a clear distinction between the
Indians of the western coast and the Indians of the interior.

[Illustration: A Fine Bororo Type on a Visit to Author's Camp.]

To return to our man: I was greatly impressed by the strongly Australoid
or Papuan nose he possessed--in other words, broad, with the lower part
forming a flattened, depressed, somewhat enlarged hook with heavy
nostrils. In profile his face was markedly convex, not concave as in
Mongolian faces. Then the glabella or central boss in the supra-orbital
region, the nose, the chin, were prominent, the latter broad and
well-rounded. The cheek-bones with him and other types of his tribe were
prominent forwards, but not unduly broad laterally, so that the face in
front view was, roughly speaking, of a long oval, but inclined to be more
angular--almost shield-shaped. The lips were medium-sized and firmly
closed, such as in more civilized people would denote great
determination. His ears were covered up by long jet-black hair, perfectly
straight and somewhat coarse in texture, healthy-looking and uniformly
scattered upon the scalp. The hair was c