Effinger, '91, became Dean of the Summer Session. After the
death of his predecessor, he in turn became Dean of the Literary
College, and Edward H. Kraus, Syracuse, '96, Professor of Mineralogy,
who had been Secretary, took his place as administrative head of the
Summer Session.

CHAPTER VIII

A STATE UNIVERSITY AS A CENTER OF LEARNING

Michigan's position as a state university has been strongly reflected in
its ideals and policies. It could not be otherwise. But this
relationship, the source of its strength in many aspects, has also
carried with it certain dangers. The University has a two-fold function:
it must teach the youth of the State and the Nation; but to do this
effectively, it must also aim to do its share in enlarging the field of
knowledge by encouraging scholarship and research on the part of members
of the Faculties as well as by a certain proportion of the more advanced
students. It is this latter function that is too easily overlooked in
the demand for the ordinary and more "practical" courses which
necessarily form so large a part of the modern curriculum. Yet even the
most elementary college work cannot be given properly unless the
instructor is in touch with the latest developments and discoveries in
his own field, and this familiarity only comes through research, on his
own part or by his colleagues.

But more than this the University, if it be worthy of the name, owes it
to the State to be a leader and a guide in the development of the
highest cultural standards; it should be a reservoir upon which the
people of the State can draw for truth and guidance in the difficult
problems of modern life. This cannot come without a strong emphasis on
original and productive scholarship.

It has always been one of the sources of the University's strength that
this fact was understood, almost from the first, and that the claims of
true scholarship and research have been increasingly recognized. It has
been shown that in its first years Michigan was to all intents a replica
in the West of the older and conservative colleges of the East; though
there was a certain idealism and progressive spirit that tempered even
then this recognition of long-established precedent. The West was
liberal and disposed to create its own institutions upon a new basis, so
that when the new ideals in education began to make themselves felt,
about the middle of the nineteenth century, Michigan was ready for them.

With t