species
of juniper recognized and four of arbor-vitae. The junipers are
widely distributed over the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic
region down to Mexico in the New World, and in northern Africa,
China, and Japan in the Old World. The arbor-vitae is found in
northeastern and northwestern America, China, and Japan. The species
mentioned here are those commonly found in America.

How to tell them from each other: The _twigs_ of the arbor-vitae are
_flat and fan-like_ as in Fig. 13; the twigs of the red cedar are
_needle-shaped or scale-like_ as in Fig. 12. The foliage of the
arbor-vitae is of a lighter color than that of the red cedar, which
is sombre green. The arbor-vitae will generally be found growing in
moist locations, while the red cedar will grow in dry places as
well. The arbor-vitae generally retains its lower branches in open
places, while the branches of the red cedar start at some distance
from the ground.

RED CEDAR (_Juniperus virginiana_)

[Illustration: FIG. 11.--The Red Cedar.]

Distinguishing characters: The tree can best be told at a glance by its
general form, size and leaves. It is a medium-sized tree with a
_symmetrical, cone-like form_, Fig. 11, which, however, broadens
out somewhat when the tree grows old. Its color throughout the year
is dull green with a tinge of brownish red, and its bark peels in
thin strips.

[Illustration:
FIG. 12(a).--Twig of Young Cedar.
FIG. 12(b).--Twig of Cedar (Older Tree).]

Leaf: In young trees the leaf is needle-shaped, pointed, and marked by a
white line on its under side, Fig. 12(a). In older trees it is
scale-like, Fig. 12(b), and the white line on its under side is
indistinct.

Range: Widely distributed over nearly all of eastern and central North
America.

Soil and location: Grows on poor, gravelly soils as well as in rich
bottom lands.

Enemies: The "_cedar apple_," commonly found on this tree, represents a
stage of the apple rust, and for that reason it is not desirable to
plant such trees near orchards. Its wood is also sometimes attacked
by small _boring insects_.

Value for planting: Its characteristic slender form gives the red cedar
an important place as an ornamental tree, but its chief value lies
in its commercial use.

Commercial value: The wood is durable, light, smooth and fragrant, and
is therefore used for