s. Its small size
and sharp-pointed conical form are also characteristic.

It grows to a large size in Colorado and the Middle West. In the
Eastern States and in northern Europe where it is planted as an
ornamental tree, it is usually much smaller.

[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Twig of the Norway Spruce.]

HEMLOCK (_Tsuga canadensis_)

Distinguishing characters: Its leaves are arranged in *flat layers*,
giving a flat, horizontal and graceful appearance to the whole
branch (Fig. 8). The individual leaves are dark green above, lighter
colored below, and are *marked by two white lines on the under side*
(Fig. 10).

The leaves are arranged on little stalks, a characteristic that does
not appear in the other evergreen trees.

Form and size: A large tree with a broad-based pyramidal head, and a
trunk conspicuously tapering toward the apex. The branches extend
almost to the ground.

Range: The hemlock is a northern tree, growing in Canada and the United
States.

Soil and location: Grows on all sorts of soils, in the deepest woods as
well as on high mountain slopes.

Enemies: None of importance.

Value for planting: The hemlock makes an excellent hedge because it
retains its lowest branches and will stand shearing. In this respect
it is preferable to the spruce. It makes a fair tree for the lawn
and is especially desirable for underplanting in woodlands, where
the shade from the surrounding trees is heavy. In this respect it is
like the beech.

Commercial value: The wood is soft, brittle, and coarse-grained, and is
therefore used mainly for coarse lumber. Its bark is so rich in
tannin that it forms one of the chief commercial products of the
tree.

Other characters: The _fruit_ is a small cone about 3/4 of an inch long,
which generally hangs on the tree all winter.

[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Twig of the Hemlock.]

GROUP III. THE RED CEDAR AND ARBOR-VITAE

How to tell them from other trees: The red cedar (juniper) and
arbor-vitae may be told from other trees by their _leaves_, which
remain on the tree and keep green throughout the entire year. These
leaves differ from those of the other evergreens in being much
shorter and of a distinctive shape as shown in Figs. 12 and 13. The
trees themselves are much smaller than the other evergreens
enumerated in this book. Altogether, there are thirty-five