habit and extremely rough
looking at every stage of its life. It is constantly full of dead
branches and old cones which persist on the tree throughout the
year.

Range: Eastern United States.

Soil and location: Grows in the poorest and sandiest soils where few
other trees will grow. In New Jersey and on Long Island where it is
native, it proves so hardy and persistent that it often forms pure
stands excluding other trees.

[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Twig of the Pitch Pine.]

Enemies: None of importance.

Value for planting: Well adapted for the sea coast and other exposed
places. It is of extremely uncertain habit and is subject to the
loss of the lower limbs. It frequently presents a certain
picturesqueness of outline, but it could not be used as a specimen
tree on the lawn.

[Illustration: FIG. 5.--The Pitch Pine.]

Commercial value: The wood is coarse grained and is used for rough
lumber, fuel, and charcoal.

Other characters: The _fruit_ is a cone one to three
inches long, persistent on the tree for several years.

THE SCOTCH PINE (_Pinus sylvestris_)

Distinguishing characters: There are *two* needles to each cluster, and
these are _short_ compared with those of the white pine, and
_slightly twisted_; see Fig. 6. The _bark_, especially along the
upper portion of the trunk, _is reddish_ in color.

Form and size: A medium-sized tree with a short crown.

Range: Europe, Asia, and eastern United States.

Soil and location: Will do best on a deep, rich, sandy soil, but will
also grow on a dry, porous soil.

Enemies: In Europe the Scotch pine has several insect enemies, but in
America it appears to be free from injury.

Value for planting: Suitable for windbreaks and woodland planting. Many
excellent specimens may also be found in our parks.

Commercial value: In the United States, the wood is chiefly used for
fuel, though slightly used for barrels, boxes, and carpentry. In
Europe, the Scotch pine is an important timber tree.

Comparisons: The Scotch pine is apt to be confused with the _Austrian
pine_ (_Pinus austriaca_), because they both have two needles to
each cluster. The needles of the Austrian pine, however, are much
longer, coarser, straighter, and darker than those of the Scotch
pine; Fig. 1. The form of the Austrian pine, too, is more
symmetrical and compact.

[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Twig of t