eir influence on national development, 44;
politics, 36;
invasions, 39;
want of historical continuity, 41;
the despotisms, 42;
origin of modern history, 46;
the Lombards, 48;
Charles the Great, 51;
Berengar, 52;
Otho I., 52;
growth of power of Church, 53;
Frederick I., 63;
Charles of Anjou, 75;
convulsions of 14th century, 81;
states of 15th century, 88;
obstacles to unity, 89;
to monarchy, 92;
to federalism, 95;
in time of Machiavelli, 365;
policy of Lorenzo, 543;
equilibrium destroyed, 545;
French invasion, 549;
character of their army, 565;
league against them, 576;
cause of their failure, 340;
effect of their example, 583;
on other nations, 585;
Charles V., 98.

Italians incapable of helping themselves, 586;
responsible for their despots, 115;
development precocious and unsound, 495;
fatal effects of want of union, 538, 552.

_The Republics_, character of their history, 33, 193;
beginning of the power of the cities, 53;
their origin, 54;
count and bishop, 55;
"people," 55;
commune, 56;
consuls, 56;
effect of struggle of papacy and empire, 61;
influence of latter, 198;
Guelphs and Ghibeliines, 69, 80, 206;
wars of cities, 62;
Frederic I., 64;
struggle with nobles, 66;
the podesta, 67;
"captain of the people," 71;
the "arti," 72;
distinction between parties, 74;
not representative governments, 196;
not democratic, 195;
factions, 195, 210;
small number of active citizens, 209;
temporal character of alliances, 212.

_The Despotisms_, 42, 76;
their justification, 83;
idea of liberty, 78;
republican freedom unknown, 91;
policy commercial, 85;
taxation, 86;
diplomacy substituted for warfare, 87;
illegitimacy, 102;
good government, 103;
bad effect of their example, 104;
courts, 106, 186;
varieties of despotisms, 109;
claims of despots due to force, not rank, 116;
their democratic character, 117;
uncertainty of tenure of power, 117, 129;
domestic crime, 119;
murders, 120;
tastes and pursuits, 126;
degeneracy of their houses, 126, 151;
bad effects of rule, 130;
centralizing tendencies, 131;
cruelty, 151;
absence of all morality, 168.

_Society_. Why Italy took the lead in the Renaissance, 5;
Italians gentle and humane, 478;
not glu