ly succeeded at the Wyland colliery, and in 1814
Stephenson built an engine that made six miles an hour, but it proved
defective. After the success of the new road was undeniable, it was
difficult to persuade Parliament to sanction it.

In the United States, Congress decided the disputed Presidential election
in favor of John Quincy Adams, John Calhoun becoming Vice-President. John
Randolph and Henry Clay fought a resultless duel. Reorganization of United
States political parties, the Whigs lining up as supporters of President
Adams, with the Democrats, whose main strength lay in the South, as their
opponents.

The first boat came through the entire length of the Erie Canal, from
Buffalo to New York. Bunker Hill monument begun; Lafayette present;
Webster the orator of the day. Congress granted Lafayette two hundred
thousand dollars and a township site.

Mutiny of Russian troops at the coronation of Nicholas I put down after
much bloodshed. First steam voyage from England to India, by the Cape of
Good Hope route, eighty-five days out. Augustine Fresnel, French
scientist; Jacques Louis David, French historical painter; and Jean Paul
Richter, German author, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Nicholas I
succeeded Alexander I as Czar of Russia, and John Quincy Adams succeeded
James Monroe as President of the United States.=

1826

Insurrection in Portugal against the infant queen, Maria da Gloria.
Insurgents defeated and fled to Spain; aid sent to Portugal by England.
The Russian Czar Nicholas began his reign by hanging or exiling to Siberia
those who stood for a liberal government and for popular education. The
Russians pushed forward in the direction of Persia, defeating the Persian
troops and annexing disputed territory. Nicholas demanded from Turkey the
autonomy of Servia, Moldavia, and Wallachia; Turkey, still occupied with
its Grecian troubles, yielded. In Greece, the Turks captured Missolonghi
and Athens, though the Acropolis of the latter city still held out.

Financial and industrial depression prevailed in England; machine-smashing
continued; friction matches perfected by John Walker; lime-light
discovered by Thomas Drummond; English state lotteries prohibited.

On July 4, while the people of the United States were celebrating the
semi-centennial of the Declaration of Independence, two signers of that
immortal document, both ex-Presidents, died--Thomas Jefferson and John
Adams.