m printing-press operated in New York; an
earlier attempt made by the London _Times_ was only partially successful.
Gaslight introduced in New York. The first boat passed through the Erie
Canal from Rochester to New York.

Richard Jenner, discoverer of vaccination, and David Ricardo, political
economist, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Pope Pius VII died,
August 20, and was succeeded by Cardinai della Genga, who assumed the name
of Leo XII.=

1824

An Egyptian army, aiding the Sultan of Turkey--to whom Egypt was, and
nominally still is, a vassal state--landed in Crete, and nearly
exterminated the Greek population. It also captured the island of Kossos,
slaughtering most of the inhabitants, but on proceeding to attack Samos it
was repulsed and driven back to Crete. The Turks also captured Psara and
butchered or enslaved the whole population. The new independent states of
South America--Venezuela, New Granada (Colombia), Chile, Peru, and Buenos
Ayres (Argentina)--were formally recognized by the United States
government. In Mexico, the self-styled Emperor Iturbide was shot, and
Santa Anna established a republican government. The first Burmese War was
precipitated by Bundula, who invaded Bengal. He was repelled, and the
British captured Rangoon.

Lafayette revisited the United States and received a memorable welcome.
Robert Owen, the English Fourierist, founded a colony at New Harmony,
Indiana. First society for the prevention of cruelty to animals founded
in England. Portland cement invented by Joseph Aspden, of Leeds, England.
Lord Byron, English poet, died at Missolonghi, Greece, where he was
serving as a volunteer in the cause of Grecian liberty.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Louis XVIII of
France died, and was succeeded by his brother, Charles X.=

1825

The Turks reduced much of the Grecian territory to a desert, and
slaughtered thousands of its inhabitants, the patriot forces having been
defeated and scattered. General European resentment was aroused by the
inhuman savagery of the Turks. The British forces decisively defeated the
Burmese, and added greatly to British territory on the eastern frontier of
India.

The first public steam railroad was opened in England, between Stockton
and Darlington, George Stephenson himself driving the engine. It was the
first thorough and practical test of the locomotive, though in 1813
William Hedley had partial