A violent anti-Masonic movement further disturbed the American
political situation. Bellevue Hospital founded in New York.

Froebel published "The Education of Man." Famous men dying in 1826 were
Lindley Murray, grammarian; John Flaxman, sculptor; Reginald Heber, Bishop
of Calcutta and hymn-writer; and Prince Rostopchin, by whose orders Moscow
was burned in 1812.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1827

The revolt in Portugal finally suppressed, with the assistance of a
British army corps. The Acropolis at Athens captured by the Turks. Many
foreign volunteers joined the Greek forces, and England, Russia, and
France demanded that Turkey should agree to an armistice. As the Turks
refused, and continued their atrocities upon the helpless Greeks, Admiral
Codrington, commanding twenty-nine English, Russian, and French vessels,
attacked the Turkish and Egyptian fleets at Navarino--consisting of
seventy warships, forty transports, and four fire-ships--and utterly
destroyed them. The Sultan, however, remained obdurate, refusing all
demands, and insisting on an indemnity for his ships.

Popular discontent and anti-clerical riots in France; Charles X disbanded
the National Guard, and made ineffectual attempts to gag the press.

Joseph Smith, at Palmyra, New York, began to have visions that later
developed into Mormonism. Woehler, German chemist, discovered the metal
aluminum; Ohm made important discoveries concerning electric currents.
Famous men dying in this year were George Canning, English statesman;
Laplace, French astronomer; Ludwig van Beethoven, German musician; William
Blake, English poet and artist; and Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1828

Russia concluded peace with Persia, exacting an indemnity of twenty
million rubles and annexing two provinces. She now moved against Turkey,
where the Sultan Mahmoud had incited his people to a holy war. The
Russians won some early successes, but were hampered by poor commissariat
and transportation service, and could not pass the Turkish fortresses at
Silistria, Varna, and Shumla. Meanwhile a French force landed in Greece;
the Morea was evacuated by the Turks, and Greece became independent, with
Count Joannes Capo d'Istria, a Greek who had been foreign minister at St.
Petersburg, as president.

In the United States, Congress passed a bill establishing a protective
tariff. The North, formerly agricultural a