st Kars should be saved. The skilful renegade
shared with the old Turkish muchirs, feriks, and pashas, all the
corruption of those classes, and all their hatred to foreigners, even
although indispensable allies. Omar had been offended by the insulting
contempt of Lord Raglan, and the stupid apathy of General Simpson; the
French commanders had, from motives of separate policy, alienated him,
so that he led an army into Asia rather to accomplish purposes of his
own than to relieve Kars. The conquests of Omar in the direction of the
Ingour were rapid, signal, and brilliant. He, however, was obliged
to retreat, from the severity of the season exposing his army to the
bitterest sufferings and great loss of life.

The foregoing pages give as complete a view of the actions of the allies
in the waters and on the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoff,
as the space allotted to the account in this History can possibly allow.

OPERATIONS OF THE ALLIES IN THE BALTIC.

While war was raging on the eastern side of the Russian and Turkish
empires, the western waters and shores of Russia were also the scenes of
sanguinary contests. The vast fleet which, under the command of
Admiral Dundas, proceeded rather too late in the spring to the Baltic,
accomplished some important enterprises. The troops and stations of the
Russians on the shores of Finland were shelled. Landing-parties ascended
the creeks and rivers, and burned great quantities of naval stores, and
destroyed or captured numerous small vessels, military or commercial.
Sweaborg was bombarded, and a large portion of the fortifications
destroyed, and many of their defenders slain. Cronstadt was approached
as in the previous year; but was pronounced to be impregnable to the
means at the disposal of the allies, vast as they were. The want of
gun-boats and vessels of light draught was the chief ingredient in the
elements of discomfiture which affected the allies. Throughout the year
the allies hemmed in the Russian ships in their unassailable harbours
of refuge, or as at Sweaborg, destroyed them by the fire of their
gun-boats.

OPERATIONS IN THE WHITE SEA.

These were similar to what took place in the Baltic. Inaccessible
harbours defied the allied fleets. Want of vessels of small draught
rendered pursuit impossible when Russian ships made the sinuosities of
the coast, and shallow rivers, available for retreat. Still great havoc
was effected, and the loss of prop