market in iron and steel. The Federal census of 1900 credited the
manufacturing establishments of the state with a capital of $62,825,472
and a product of $102,830,137 (increase 1890-1900, 142.1%); of which
output the gold, silver, lead and copper smelted amounted to
$44,625,305. Of the other products, iron and steel ($6,108,295),
flouring and grist-mill products ($4,528,062), foundry and machine-shop
products ($3,986,985), steam railway repair and construction work
($3,141,602), printing and publishing, wholesale slaughtering and meat
packing, malt liquors, lumber and timber, and coke were the most
important. The production of beet sugar is relatively important, as more
of it was produced in Colorado in 1905 than in any other state; in 1906
334,386,000 lb (out of a grand total for the United States of
967,224,000 lb) were manufactured here; the value of the product in 1905
was $7,198,982, being 29.2% of the value of all the beet sugar produced
in the United States in that year.[3]

_Railways._--On the 1st of January 1909 there were 5403.05 m. of railway
in operation. The Denver Pacific, built from Cheyenne, Wyoming, reached
Denver in June 1870, and the Kansas Pacific, from Kansas City, in August
of the same year. Then followed the building of the Denver & Rio Grande
(1871), to which the earlier development of the state is largely due.
The great Santa Fe (1873), Burlington (1882), Missouri Pacific (1887)
and Rock Island (1888) systems reached Pueblo, Denver and Colorado
Springs successively from the east. In 1888 the Colorado Midland started
from Colorado Springs westward, up the Ute Pass, through the South Park
to Leadville, and thence over the continental divide to Aspen and
Glenwood Springs. The Colorado & Southern, a consolidation of roads
connecting Colorado with the south, has also become an important system.

_Population._--The population of the state in 1870 was 39,864; in 1880,
194,327[4]; in 1890, 413,249; in 1900, 539,700; and in 1910, 799,024. Of
the 1900 total, males constituted 54.7%, native born 83.1%. The 10,654
persons of coloured race included 1437 Indians and 647 Chinese and
Japanese, the rest being negroes. Of 185,708 males twenty-one or more
years of age 7689 (4.1%) were illiterate (unable to write), including a
fourth of the Asiatics, a sixth of the Indians, one-nineteenth of the
negroes, one in twenty-four of the foreign born, and one in 147.4 of the
native born. Of 165 incorporated cities, towns