farms and hamlet of Malkajik. It is
almost entirely under cultivation, and there is little to be seen but
remains of the walls and certain tumuli. Rich tombs, however, have been
found beside the old roads leading to it, and the site is usually
regarded as a particularly promising one for excavation, since Colophon
was a very flourishing city in the great period of Ionia and had
declined and been largely superseded by Notium before the Roman age. The
common belief, however, that it had no existence after the time of
Lysimachus is not borne out by the remains on the site. Founded by
Andracmon of Pylos, it was at the acme of its prosperity in the 8th and
7th centuries B.C. up to the epoch of its sack by Gyges of Lydia in 665.
It claimed to have produced Homer, but its greatest genuine literary
name was Mimnermus. It seems to have been ruled by a rich aristocracy
which provided a famous troop of horse; and, from the Greek saying,
usually supposed to refer to the decisive effect of the final charge of
this troop in battle, the word _colophon_ has come to be used for the
final note appended to old printed books, containing date, &c. In 287
Lysimachus transferred a part of the population to his new city at
Ephesus. Though an Ionian colony Colophon did not share in the common
festival of the _Apaturia_ and seems to have been isolated for some
reason among its neighbours, with one of whom, Ephesus, it was
constantly at enmity. The forts by which Ephesus protected itself
against Colophonian invasion are still to be seen on the hills north of
the Caystrus.

Notium or New Colophon contained the important shrine of the Clarian
Apollo, whose site has recently been identified with probability by Th.
Makridy Bey during excavations conducted for the Ottoman museum.

See C. Schuchardt in _Athen. Mitteil._ (1886); W. M. Ramsay, _Hist.
Geog. of Asia Minor_ (addenda) (1890). (D. G. H.)

COLOPHON, a final paragraph in some manuscripts and many early printed
books (see BOOK), giving particulars as to authorship, date and place of
production, &c. Before the invention of printing, a scribe when he had
finished copying a book occasionally added a final paragraph at the end
of the text in which he recorded the fact, and (if he were so minded)
expressed his thankfulness to God, or asked for the prayers of readers.
In the famous Bodleian MS. 264 of the _Roman d'Alexandre_ there is an
unusually full note of this kind recording the co