d by Ivan the Terrible in 1570 by fugitives from that town to
found a colony on Novaya Zemlya (_Historische Nachrichten von den
Samojeden und den Lapplaendern_, Riga und Mietau, 1769, p. 28). This
book was first printed in French at Koenigsberg in 1762. The author
was Klingstedt, a Swede in the Russian service, who long lived at
Archangel. ]

[Footnote 161: The statement is incredible, and probably originated
in some mistake. To form such a heap of walruses at least 50,000
animals would have been required, and it is certain that fifteen men
could not have killed so many. If we assume that in the statement of
the length and breadth, feet ought to stand in place of fathoms, we
get the still excessive number of 1,500 to 3,000 killed animals.
Probably instead of 90 we should have 9, in which case the heap
would correspond to about 500 walruses and seals killed. The walrus
tusks collected weighed 40 pood, which again indicates the capture
of 150 to 200 animals. ]

[Footnote 162: _Witsen_, p. 915. Klingstedt states that fifty
soldiers with their wives and children were removed in 1648 to
Pustosersk, and that the vojvode there had so large an income that
in three or four years he could accumulate 12,000 to 15,000 roubles
(_Historische Nachrichten von den Samojeden_, &c., p. 53). ]

[Footnote 163: According to Luetke, p. 70. Hamel, _Tradescant d.
aeltere_, gives the date 1742-44. ]

[Footnote 164: Thus on the first map in an atlas published in 1737
by the St. Petersburg Academy, Novaya Zemlya is delineated as a
peninsula projecting from Taimur Land north of the Pjaesina. ]

[Footnote 165: Properly "Mate, with the rank of Lieutenant," from
which we may conclude that Rossmuislov wanted the usual education of
an officer. ]

[Footnote 166: These remarkable voyages were described for the first
time, after the accounts of Zivolka, by the academician K.E. v. Baer
in _Bulletin scientifique publ. par l'Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St.
Petersburg_, t. ii. No. 9, 10, 11 (1837). Before this there does not
appear to have been in St. Petersburg any knowledge of Pachtussov's
voyages, the most remarkable which the history of Russian Polar Sea
exploration has to show. ]

[Footnote 167: The carbasse was named, like the vessels of Lasarev
and Luetke, the _Novaya Zemlya_. It was forty-two feet long, fourteen
feet beam, and six feet deep, decked fore and aft, and with the open
space between protected by canvas from breakers. ]

[Footnote 1