f use for
the documents from the archives of Barcelona, but it needs to be
collated with more recent works; S. de Sismondi, in vol. ii. of his
_Histoire des republiques italiennes_ (Brussels, 1838), gives a good
general sketch of the reigns of Charles I. and II., but is
occasionally inaccurate as to details; the best authority on the early
life of Charles I. is R. Sternfeld, _Karl von Anjou als Graf von
Provence_ (Berlin, 1888); Charles's connexion with north Italy is
dealt with in Merkel's _La Dominazione di Carlo d'Angio in Piemonte e
in Lombardia_ (Turin, 1891), while the R. Deputazione di Storia
Patria Toscana has recently published a _Codice diplomatico delle
relazioni di Carlo d'Angio con la Toscana_; the contents of the
Angevin archives at Naples have been published by Durrien, _Archives
angevines de Naples_ (Toulouse, 1866-1867). M. Amari's _La Guerra del
Vespro Siciliano_ (8th ed., Florence, 1876) is a valuable history, but
the author is too bitterly prejudiced against the French to be quite
impartial; his work should be compared with L. Cadier's _Essai sur
l'administration du royaume de Sicile sous Charles I et Charles II
d'Anjou_ (Paris, 1891, _Bibl. des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de
Rome_, fasc. 59), which contains many documents, and tends somewhat to
rehabilitate the Angevin rule.

CHARLES II. (1332-1387), called THE BAD, king of Navarre and count of
Evreux, was a son of Jeanne II., queen of Navarre, by her marriage with
Philip, count of Evreux (d. 1343). Having become king of Navarre on
Jeanne's death in 1349, he suppressed a rising at Pampeluna with much
cruelty, and by this and similar actions thoroughly earned his surname
of "The Bad." In 1352 he married Jeanne (d. 1393), a daughter of John
II., king of France, a union which made his relationship to the French
crown still more complicated. Through his mother he was a grandson of
Louis X. and through his father a great-grandson of Philip III., having
thus a better claim to the throne of France than Edward III. of England;
and, moreover, he held lands under the suzerainty of the French king,
whose son-in-law he now became. Charles was a man of great ability,
possessing popular manners and considerable eloquence, but he was
singularly unscrupulous, a quality which was revealed during the years
in which he played an important part in the internal affairs of France.
Trouble soon arose between King John and h