Gesch. des Feldzugs von 1799_ (1819)--the two
latter invaluable contributions to the history of the war, and papers
"on the higher art of war," "on practical training in the field," &c.
See, besides the histories of the period, C. von
B(inder)-K(rieglstein), _Geist und Stoff im Kriege_ (Vienna, 1895);
Caemmerer, _Development of Strategical Science_ (English transl.), ch.
iv.; M. Edler v. Angeli, _Erzherzog Carl v. Osterr._ (Vienna and
Leipzig, 1896); Duller, _Erzh. Karl v. Osterr._ (Vienna, 1845);
Schneidawind, _Karl, Erzherzog v. Osterr. und die osterr. Armee_
(Vienna, 1840); _Das Buch vom Erzh. Carl_ (1848); Thielen, _Erzh. Karl
v. Osterr._ (1858); Wolf, _Erzh. Carl_ (1860); H. von Zeissberg,
_Erzh. Karl v. Osterr._ (Vienna, 1895); M. von Angeli, _Erzh. Karl als
Feldherr und Organisator_ (Vienna, 1896).

CHARLES (1525-1574), cardinal of Lorraine, French statesman, was the
second son of Claude of Lorraine, duke of Guise, and brother of Francis,
duke of Guise. He was archbishop of Reims in 1538, and cardinal in 1547.
At first he was called the cardinal of Guise, but in 1550, on the death
of his uncle John, cardinal of Lorraine, he in his turn took the style
of cardinal of Lorraine. Brilliant, cunning and a master of intrigue, he
was, like all the Guises, devoured with ambition and devoid of scruples.
He had, said Brantome, "a soul exceeding smirched," and, he adds, "by
nature he was exceeding craven." Together with his brother, Duke
Francis, the cardinal of Lorraine was all-powerful during the reigns of
Henry II. and Francis II.; in 1558 and 1559 he was one of the
negotiators of the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis; he fought and pitilessly
persecuted the reformers, and by his intolerant policy helped to provoke
the crisis of the wars of religion. The death of Francis II. deprived
him of power, but he remained one of the principal leaders of the
Catholic party. In 1561, at the Colloquy of Poissy, he was commissioned
to reply to Theodore Beza. In 1562 he went to the council of Trent,
where he at first defended the rights of the Gallican Church against the
pretensions of the pope; but after the assassination of his brother, he
approached the court of Rome, and on his return to France he
endeavoured, but without success, to obtain the promulgation of the
decrees of the council (1564). In 1567, when the Protestants took up
arms, he held for some time the first place in the king's council, but
Catheri