Montbel, _Derniere Epoque de
l'hist. de Charles X_ (5th ed., Paris, 1840); Theodore Anne,
_Memoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes sur l'interieur du palais de
Charles X et les evenements de 1815 a 1830_ (2 vols., Paris, 1831);
ib., _Journal de Saint-Cloud a Cherbourg_; Vedrenne, _Vie de Charles
X_ (3 vols., Paris, 1879); Petit, _Charles X_ (Paris, 1886);
Villeneuve, _Charles X et Louis XIX en exil. Memoires inedits_ (Paris,
1889); Imbert de Saint-Amand, _La Cour de Charles X_ (Paris, 1892).

FOOTNOTE:

[1] This, at any rate, represents the general verdict of history. It
is interesting, however, to note that so liberal-minded and shrewd a
critic of men as King Leopold I. of the Belgians formed a different
estimate. In a letter of the 18th of November 1836 addressed to
Princess (afterwards Queen) Victoria he writes:--"History will state
that Louis XVIII. was a most liberal monarch, reigning with great
mildness and justice to his end, but that his brother, from his
despotic and harsh disposition, upset all the other had done, and
lost the throne. Louis XVIII. was a clever, hard-hearted man,
shackled by no principle, very proud and false. Charles X. an honest
man, a kind friend, an honourable master, sincere in his opinions,
and inclined to do everything that is right. That teaches us what we
ought to believe in history as it is compiled according to ostensible
events and results known to the generality of people."

CHARLES I. (1288-1342), king of Hungary, the son of Charles Martell of
Naples, and Clemencia, daughter of the emperor Rudolph, was known as
Charles Robert previously to being enthroned king of Hungary in 1309. He
claimed the Hungarian crown, as the grandson of Stephen V., under the
banner of the pope, and in August 1300 proceeded from Naples to Dalmatia
to make good his claim. He was crowned at Esztergom after the death of
the last Arpad, Andrew III. (1301), but was forced the same year to
surrender the crown to Wenceslaus II. of Bohemia (1289-1306). His
failure only made Pope Boniface VIII. still more zealous on his behalf,
and at the diet of Pressburg (1304) his Magyar adherents induced him to
attempt to recover the crown of St Stephen from the Czechs. But in the
meantime (1305) Wenceslaus transferred his rights to Duke Otto of
Bavaria, who in his turn was taken prisoner by the Hungarian rebels.
Charles's prospects now improved, and he w