ortance has been attached to the discovery
of an extinct primate, Pithecanthropus (q.v.), which has been regarded
as the "missing link."

See Huxley's _Man's Place in Nature_ (1863); Robt. Hartmann's
_Anthropoid Apes_ (1883; London, 1885); A.H. Keane's _Ethnology_
(1896); Darwin's _Descent of Man_ (1871; pop. ed., 1901); Haeckel's
_Anthropogeny_ (Leipzig, 1874, 1903; Paris, 1877; Eng. ed., 1883);
W.H. Flower and Rich. Lydekker, _Mammals Living and Extinct_ (London,
1891).

ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. [Greek: anthropos] man, and [Greek: logos], theory or
science), the science which, in its strictest sense, has as its object
the study of man as a unit in the animal kingdom. It is distinguished
from ethnology, which is devoted to the study of man as a _racial_ unit,
and from ethnography, which deals with the _distribution_ of the races
formed by the aggregation of such units. To anthropology, however, in
its more general sense as the natural history of man, ethnology and
ethnography may both be considered to belong, being related as parts to
a whole.

Various other sciences, in conformity with the above definition, must be
regarded as subsidiary to anthropology, which yet hold their own
independent places in the field of knowledge. Thus anatomy and
physiology display the structure and functions of the human body, while
psychology investigates the operations of the human mind. Philology
deals with the general principles of language, as well as with the
relations between the languages of particular races and nations. Ethics
or moral science treats of man's duty or rules of conduct toward his
fellow-men. Sociology and the science of culture are concerned with the
origin and development of arts and sciences, opinions, beliefs, customs,
laws and institutions generally among mankind within historic time;
while beyond the historical limit the study is continued by inferences
from relics of early ages and remote districts, to interpret which is
the task of prehistoric archaeology and geology.

I. _Man's Place in Nature._--In 1843 Dr J.C. Prichard, who perhaps of
all others merits the title of founder of modern anthropology, wrote in
his _Natural History of Man_:--

"The organized world presents no contrasts and resemblances more
remarkable than those which we discover on comparing mankind with the
inferior tribes. That creatures should exist so nearly approaching to
each other in all the particulars of their